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histo lab > exfoliative cytology > Flashcards

exfoliative cytology Flashcards

1
Q

What is exfoliative cytology?

A

It is a branch of medicine that deals with the study of cells exfoliated or scraped off from the lining epithelium and mucosa of different organs.

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2
Q

What does exfoliative cytology deal with?

A

It deals with cells that have been desquamated from epithelial surfaces.

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3
Q

What is cytopathology?

A

It is the study of abnormal cells, such as cancer cells.

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4
Q

What is cytotechnique?

A

It is the study of different methods of preparing cells for microscopic examination.

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5
Q

What are the purposes of diagnostic exfoliative cytology?

A
  • Diagnosis of cancer
  • Differentiation between malignant and benign tumors
  • Differentiation of tumors from other diseases (e.g., infections, inflammations, or degenerations)
  • Assessment of hormonal status (determining fertility conditions)
  • Determination of the “true sex” of an individual
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6
Q

Why is the transformation zone (T-zone) important?

A

It is extremely important for the detection of dysplasias and carcinomas of the cervix.

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7
Q

What specimens require an adhesive?

A

Urinary sediment, bronchial lavage specimen, specimens utilizing proteolytic enzymes during processing.

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8
Q

What are examples of adhesives used in cytology?

A

Pooled human serum or plasma, celloidin ether alcohol, leuconostoc culture.

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9
Q

What equipment is used for vaginal aspiration?

A

Glass pipet and rubber bulb.

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10
Q

What is used for swab smears?

A

Ayre’s spatula.

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11
Q

What is used for endocervical or endometrial aspiration?

A

Laryngeal cannula attached to a 10 cc syringe.

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12
Q

What tool is used to collect samples from the endocervical canal?

A

Endocervical brush.

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13
Q

What type of smear is used for hysterectomy patients?

A

Vaginal scrape.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of a lateral vaginal scrape?

A

Hormonal evaluation.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a four quadrant vaginal scrape?

A

Localization of vaginal adenosis.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of a vulvar scrape?

A

Detection of herpetic lesions or carcinoma.

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17
Q

When should smears be placed into the fixative?

A

Immediately after preparation.

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18
Q

What are some common fixatives used in cytology?

A

Equal parts of 95% ethyl alcohol and ether, 95% ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol with ethyl alcohol, acetone with glycol, Carnoy’s fluid, Delaunoy’s fluid.

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19
Q

What is Harris Hematoxylin used for in Papanicolaou staining?

A

It is a nuclear stain or basophilic stain.

20
Q

What is OG 6 (Orange – Green 6) used for?

A

It is a counterstain for the cytoplasm of mature superficial cells.

21
Q

What is EA (eosin azure) used for?

A

It is a counterstain for the cytoplasm of immature cells (parabasal and intermediate cells).

22
Q

What are the advantages of Pap’s stain?

A
  • Transparent blue stain of the cytoplasm allows overlapped cells to be identified
  • Excellent nuclear details
  • Predictable color range valuable in cell identification and classification
  • Useful for comparing cellular appearances in smears
23
Q

What are the criteria for microscopic diagnosis of cancer?

A

Polarity of cells, hyperchromatism, atypical mitotic figures, reversal of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio.

24
Q

What changes occur in the intercellular structural pattern of malignant cells?

A

Increase in size, irregular shape, irregular pattern, anisocytosis and anisokaryosis in clusters, excessive grouping and crowding, indistinct cell membrane.

25
Q

What changes occur in the cytoplasm of malignant cells?

A

Acidophilia or marked orangeophilia, excessive cytoplasmic inclusions, abnormal vacuolation.

26
Q

What changes occur in the nucleus of malignant cells?

A

Larger and irregular nucleus, more deeply pigmented, multinucleation, increased number and size of nucleoli, irregular size and distribution of chromatin materials, thickened nuclear membrane, necrotic or degenerative changes.

27
Q

What specimen is used for sex determination in cytology?

A

Scrapings from the buccal and vaginal mucosa.

28
Q

How is true sex determined in cytology?

A

Based on the presence of Barr bodies in the inner aspect of the nuclear membrane.

29
Q

Is vaginal hormonal cytology safe to perform regularly?

A

Yes, it can be performed regularly without undue risk.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of mature superficial cells in vaginal smears?

A

Dark pyknotic nuclei, true acidophilia under estrogen influence.

31
Q

What are intermediate cells in vaginal smears?

A

Medium-sized polyhedral or elongated cells with basophilic cytoplasm showing vacuoles.

32
Q

What are navicular cells?

A

Boat-shaped cells with a tendency to fold or curl on edges, associated with the latter half of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause.

33
Q

What are pregnancy cells?

A

Round, oval, or boat-shaped cells with translucent basophilic cytoplasm, double-walled boundary appearance.

34
Q

What are parabasal cells?

A

Cells with strongly basophilic cytoplasm and a large vesicular nucleus, seen two weeks of age up to puberty, after childbirth, abortions, and after menopause.

35
Q

What does Class I indicate in cytologic smear reporting?

A

Absence of atypical or abnormal cells.

36
Q

What does Class II indicate in cytologic smear reporting?

A

Atypical cytologic picture but no evidence of malignancy.

37
Q

What does Class III indicate in cytologic smear reporting?

A

Cytologic picture suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy.

38
Q

What does Class IV indicate in cytologic smear reporting?

A

Cytologic picture strongly suggestive of malignancy.

39
Q

What does Class V indicate in cytologic smear reporting?

A

Cytologic picture conclusive of malignancy.

40
Q

What does acridine orange bind with and how does it appear under fluorescence microscopy?

A

Binds with nucleic acids; RNA appears brick to orange red, DNA appears green and yellow.

41
Q

What does increased basophilia (RNA) signify?

A

Growth.

42
Q

What does increased acidophilia (DNA) signify?

A

Malignancy.

43
Q

What is phase-contrast microscopy used for?

A

Hormonal evaluation of gynecologic specimens and cancer detection.

44
Q

What does interference microscopy determine?

A

The dry weight of individual cells or cellular constituents.

45
Q

How does the dry weight of cancer cell nucleus and cytoplasm compare to that of normal cells?

A

It is less than that of normal cells.

histo lab (4 decks)

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