Exercises 4 Flashcards
What is the name of the system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a m/scope?
grading - the object of a grading system is to provide info about the probably growth rate of the mal.tumor & its tendency to spread.
What number Grade is very well differentiated (resembling normal cells)?
Grade I
What number Grade is moderately differentiated?
Grade II
What number Grade is poorly differentiated?
Grade III
What number Grade is undifferentiated?
Grade IV (4)
What is the name that describes the extent or severity of an individuals cancer?
Staging - this is based on the extend of the original (primary) tumour & the ext of spread in the body.
What is the most commonly used system for describing the extent of cancer in a patients body?
The TNM system
In the TNM system what letter describes the size of the tumour & whether it has invaded nearby tissue?
T - tumour
In the TNM system what letter describes any lymph nodes that are involved?
N - nodes
In the TNM system what letter describes metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another)
M - metastases
What Stage is carcinoma in situ (early cancer that is present only in the layer of cells in which it begun)?
Stage 0
What Stage is when the cancer has spread to another organ?.
Stage IV (4)
Classification of cancerous tumours - which one is derived connective tissue such as bone, fat, muscle?
sarcoma including leukaemias & lymphomas (less than 5% of all malignancies)- also cartilage, bone marrow etc
Classification of cancerous tumours - which one is derived from epithelial tissue (tissue lining ext.&int. body surfaces)?
carcinoma (approx. 90% of all malignancies)-e.g. linings of skin, glands, digestive, urinary & reprod. organs
Classification of cancerous tumours - which are derived from tissue that is capable of differentiating into both epithelial & connective tissue?
mixed-tissue tumours - These are uncommon tumours.
