Exercise/ sports medicine Flashcards
What is the definition of physical activity?
•Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure
What is the definition of exercise?
Physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposeful
What are the types of physical fitness?
- Cardiorespiratory endurance
- Muscular strength
- Balance and coordination
- Flexibility
What are the benefits of exercise in those with diabetes?
- Reduced risk of developing type 2
- Dose response reduction risk
- Modest improvement in glucose control
- Reduction in CVD risk
- 33% reduction in microvascular complications
- Acute exercise improves insulin sensitivity
- Reduction in cardiovascular complications
What are the classification of injuries?
•Traumatic - bone - articular cartilage - joint - ligament - muscle - tendon •Overuse
What are the traumatic sports injuries?
- Fractures and dislocations
- Major muscle - ligament - tendon injuries
- Head and spinal injuries
- chest and abdominal injuries
What are the causes of bone injury?
- direct e.g. tackle
* Indirect (fall or twisting) trauma
What are the classifications of bone fracture?
- Transverse
- Oblique
- Spiral
- Comminuted
- Avulsion (piece of bone attached to tendon or ligament is torn away)
What are the clinical features of bone fracture?
- Pain
- Tenderness
- Localised bruising
- Swelling
- Deformity
- restriction of movement
What is the management of bone fracture?
- Anatomical and functional realignment
- May need resection
- Plaster cast or surgical stabilisation
What is the function of articular cartilage?
Absorbs shock and compressive forces and permits almost frictionless joint movement
What is used for the imaging of articular cartilage?
MRI and arthroscopy
Where are the common sites of injury to articular cartilage?
- Talus
- Femoral condyles
- Patella
- Humerus
What are injuries to articular cartilage associated with?
Soft tissue injuries
What may articular cartilage injury predispose to?
Premature osteoarthritis
What are the treatment options for articular cartilage injury?
- Perforation
- Alteration of joint loading
- Cell transplantation
What is dislocation
Trauma produces complete dislocation fo the articulating surface
What is subluxation?
Some contact of the articulating surface remains
What is damaged in dislocation?
Surrounding joint capsule and ligaments
What are the complications of dislocation?
•Associated nerve or blood vessel damage
- axillary nerve in shoulder
- brachial artery at elbow
What is the treatment of dislocation?
- Reduction
- Muscle relaxants
- Protect to allow soft tissue to heal
- Early protected mobilisation
- Rebuild muscle strength
Explain muscle injury due to overuse
- Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, increased participation, increased intensity and duration lead to overload
- Overload leads to tissue injuries
- Tissue injury leads to inflammation which leads to pain
- If there is continued activity it can lead to tissue injury
When does strain/tear of muscle occur?
- When demand exceeds muscles capacity
- Common if cross 2 joints
- Common during sudden acceleration or deceleration
Which muscles are most commonly affected my strain/tear?
- Hamstring
- Quadriceps
- Gastrocnemius
Describe grading of muscle strain/tear
Grade 1: few fibres, localised pain, no loss of strength
Grade 2: significant no. of fibres, swelling, pain on contraction, reduced strength and limitation of movement
Grade 3: Complete tear - most common at musculotendinous junctions
What is the management of muscle strain/tear
- First aid to minimise bleeding, swelling and inflammation
- Electrotherapy
- Soft tissue therapy
- Stretching
- Strengthening
What are the predisposing factors to muscle strain/tear
- Inadequate warm up
- Insufficient joint range of motion
- Excessive muscle tightness
- Fatigue/overuse/inadequate recovery
- Muscle imbalance
- Poor technique
- Previous injury
- Altered biomechanics
What causes a quadriceps rupture
- Direct impact against contracted muscle
* Or sudden vigorous contraction due/ direct blow to muscle belly
What is the cause of hamstring rupture?
Overload and forceful contraction
What are the symptoms and signs of hamstring rupture?
- Sudden intense pain
- Muscle spasm
- Tenderness and swelling
- Potential palpable gap
What is the treatment of hamstring rupture?
- NSAIDs
- Electrotherapy
- Strength and stretching exercises
- Surgery in sportsmen
What makes up a tendon?
Normal tendons consist of tight parallel bundles of collagen fibres
Where are injuries to tendons most likely to occur on the tendon?
At the point of least blood supply
Which sites are the most common for tendon injury?
- Achilles
* Supraspinatus at shoulder
Where does the achilles tendon run?
From gastrocnemius to insert into the posterior aspect of the heel
What are the signs of achilles tendonopathy?
- Pain, especially going uphill as it is compressed
- Local swelling
- Local tenderness
- Crepitus on ankle movement
What is the prevention of achilles tendonopathy?
- Active rest, alter the training schedule
- Heel wedge
- NSAID
- Immobilisation
- good shoes with no heel tabs
- DO NOT steroid inject
