Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Week 11- Musculoskeletal > Bone tumour > Flashcards

Bone tumour Flashcards

1
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A
  • Bone forming cells
  • Make the matrix
  • type 1 collagen, ground substance, calcium hydroxyapatite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

Mature bone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone resorbing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is mature lamellar bone?

A

Normal mature bone in the skeleton, may be compact or cancellous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is immature woven bone?

A
  • Foetus
  • Fracture
  • bone tumour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common primary bone tumour?

A

Myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the most common metastatic carcinomas spreading to bone?

A
  • Bronchus
  • Breast
  • Prostate
  • kidney
  • Thyroid (follicular)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What tumours in childhood can affect bone?

A

Neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which bones are more likely to be affected by cancer?

A

Those with a good blood supply: femur, femoral head, humerus, pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the effects of metastases to bone?

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • bone pain
  • bone destruction
  • pathological fracture in long bones
  • spinal metastases> vertebral collapse, spinal cord compression, nerve root compression, back pain
  • Hypercalcaemia (thirst, abdominal pain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the mechanism of bone destruction?

A
  • Osteoclasts, not tumour cells
  • Osteoclasts are stimulated by cytokines from tumour cells
  • inhibited by bisphosphonates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain sclerotic metastases

A
  • Prostatic carcinoma, breast carcinoma
  • Sclerotic (bright) on X ray
  • Reactive new bone formation induced by the tumour cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain solitary bone metastases

A
  • Typically renal and thyroid carcinoma

* Surgical removal is often valuable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is myeloma

A
  • Malignant primary bone tumour
  • Monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow
  • Solitary (plasmacytoma) or multiple myeloma if many
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the clinical effects of myeloma?

A

•Lytic bone lesions - bone pain and fracture
•Marrow replacement: anaemia, infection, bleeding
•immunoglobulin excess:
- serum electrophoresis: monoclonal band
- urine: immunoglobulin light chain (bence jones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the effects of marrow replacement by tumour?

A
  • Pancytopenia
  • Anaemia
  • Leucopenia - increased infections
  • Thrombocytopenia: haemorrhage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the benign primary bone tumours?

A
  • Osteoid osteoma
  • Chrondroma
  • Osteocartilagenous exostosis (combination of bone and cartilage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the malignant primary bone tumours?

A
  • Osteosarcoma
  • Chrondrosarcoma
  • Ewing’s tumour
  • Myeloma
19
Q

What is osteoid osteoma?

A
  • Small, benign osteoblastic proliferation

* Pain worse at night, relieved by aspirin

20
Q

What is osteosarcoma?

A

Malignant tumour whose cells form osteoid or bone

21
Q

What is the peak age of osteosarcoma?

A

10-25, second peak in adulthood

22
Q

What is the typical site of osteosarcoma

A
  • Metaphysis of long bones

* 50% around the knee

23
Q

How does osteosarcoma present?

A
  • bone pain
  • swelling
  • Pathological fracture
  • Often delayed presentation
24
Q

What is the natural history of osteosarcoma?

A
  • Highly malignant
  • Haematogenous spread
  • Early lung metastases
  • 5 year survival pre chemo 15-20%, modern survival 50-60%
25
Describe imaging in osteosarcoma
*  Look for lytic destructive lesion *  Cortical destruction with soft tissue mass *  Codman trinangle: old cortex being lifted up by new cortex being produced in response to tumour
26
What is the treatment of osteosarcoma?
*  neoadjuvant chemotherapy *  Followed by local excision, limb sparing *  Further chemotherapy *  May then have radiotherapy for local control
27
What are the cartilaginous tumours?
• Benign: - enchondroma - osteocartilaginous exostosis • Malignant: - chrondrosarcoma
28
What is osteocartilaginous exostosis?
*  Benign outgrowth of cartilage with end-chondral ossification *  Probably derived from the growth plate *  Very common, usually adolescence *  Metaphysis of long bones
29
How is osteocartilaginous exostosis treated?
Surgical resection
30
What is enchondroma?
*  Lobulated mass of cartilage within the medulla *  >50% in hands, feet, long bones *  Often asymptomatic in long bones * in hands - swelling and pathological fracture *  Low cellularity, often surrounded by plates of lamellar bone
31
What is chondrosarcoma?
*  primary or from pre-existing enchrondroma or exostosis (secondary) *  Central, within the medullary canal or peripheral on bone surface *  predominantly middle aged and elderly, male>females
32
Where are the common sites of chrondrosarcoma?
*  Axial skeleton *  Pelvis *  Ribs *  Shoulder girdle *  Proximal femur and humerus
33
How does chondrosarcoma present?
*  Bone pain *  Swelling *  pathological fracture *  Neurological symptoms
34
What is the appearance of chrondrosarcoma on imaging?
*  Popcorn calcifications *  lytic *  May get cortical destruction with soft tissue mass
35
What mutations are associated with chondrosarcoma?
IDH1 and IDH2
36
What is the peak age of Ewing sarcoma?
5-15 years
37
Where are the common sites of Ewing sarcoma?
*  Long bone | *  flat bones of limb girdles
38
Metastases of Ewings sarcoma
*  Early metastases to lung, bone marrow and bone | *  Micrometastases
39
What is the presentation of Ewing sarcoma?
*  Pain *  Swelling *  Night sweats *  Weight loss *  Fever
40
What is the appearance of Ewing sarcoma on Xray?
*  Moth eaten appearance *  lytic lesion *  Periosteal new bone formation - onion skinning
41
How is the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma made?
Biopsy
42
What is the associated mutation with Ewing sarcoma?
• 90% show translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22
43
What is the treatment of Ewing sarcoma?
*  Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine) *  Surgery *  Further chemo *  May need radiotherapy

Week 11- Musculoskeletal (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions