Exercise Science Flashcards
Which lever operated at a mechanical disadvantage?
Third class lever (ex: biceps curl)
How long does it take for detraining to begin in terms of strength adaptations?
4 weeks (Athlete’s break 😅)
Early gains in an athlete’s are due to primarily to which of the following factors?
Faster rate coding and greater recruitment (p.30)
The left ventricle is responsible for?
Pumping blood through the body (p.13)
What principle is initiated once an adequate amount of acetylcholine is released by the nerve terminal?
All-or-none principle (p.9)
What is the series of reactions in which free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of Acetyl-CoA and hydrogen protons?
Beta oxidation (p.53)
Which of the following is typical in untrained lifters?
Bilateral deficit (93) the force produced when both limbs contract together is < sum of forces they produce when contracting unilaterally
Synergistic muscle during a leg curl?
Gastrocnemius
Muscle fibers that are the least fatigue resistant?
Type IIX
Which of the following adaptations in women following resistance training?
Increased testosterone sensitivity
An increase in muscle contraction rate, force production, and metabolic enzyme activity can be attributed to which ‘flight or fight’ mode hormone?
Catecholamines (p84)
Rotational work is a function of?
Angular displacement and torque
Which region delays the neurocardiac signal from the atrium to the ventricle?
AV node (p13)
Steroid hormones are primarily produced in which of the following organs?
Adrenal cortex and gonads
What action happens in the transverse plane abduction of the shoulder?
Backhand tennis stroke
What injury is higher in female athletes?
ACL tears
During inadequate training stimulus, a loss of training induced adaptations is referred to as what?
Detraining (129)
Which of the following neural adaptations occur as a result of anaerobic training?
I. Increased agonist recruitment
III. Increased firing rate
IV. Decreased inhibitory mechanisms
(88-90)
During resisted elbow flexion, the forearm acts as which class of lever?
D. Third-class lever
Which of the following best predicts aerobic performance?*
Maximal lactic steady state
Which sort of synovial joint offers the greatest range of motion, owing to its structure?
Ball and socket
Which heart structure is most vulnerable to being compromised during tachycardia?
Conduction system (12-14)
The muscles on the back of the thigh are activated by which knee movement?
Flexion of the knee
How long is the suggested period of time for holding a static stretch?
15-30s
At what age does peak height velocity typically occur?
12-14 (pp137)
Among other motions, the external oblique is responsible for which of the following?
Contralateral torso rotation (26-27)
A first-class lever has which of the following characteristics?
III. Can act at a mechanical advantage or disadvantage
IV. Muscle force acts on the opposite side of fulcrum as the resistive force
Golgi tendon organs relay sensory information concerning which of the following?
Muscle tension p12
Of the following movements, which is driven by the posterior head of the major shoulder muscle group?
Extension of the shoulder (Pg 26, 362, 365.)
An athlete contracts the gluteus maximus to enhance the stretch in the hip flexors. Which aspect of the neuromuscular system is being stimulated?
Reciprocal inhibition (Pg 323.)
When flexing the elbow, how many heads does the antagonist have?
3 (p4)
In what way is the heart’s conduction system affected by sympathetic system stimulation ?
Speeds up depolarization of the SA node (p4)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fleshy attachments?
Additional connective fibers extend into the bone itself (p20)
Which of the following neural adaptations occur with chronic resistance training?
I. Increased efficiency
II. Delayed fatigue in contractile mechanisms
IV. Improved synchronization of agonist, synergist, and antagonist muscles
Which is considered the synergist muscle during a leg curl?
Gastrocnemius (p393)
Which of the following compounds are the primary fuels for glycolysis?
Glucose, glycogen (p46)
How is the force-velocity curve influenced by a rise in rate of force development?
Shifts the curve to the right
What role does the antagonist play in a given motion?
Slows down and stops the movement
P20
Which system provides energy for high intensity events last and 30 seconds to two minutes?
Fast glycolysis
P46
Which of the following terms refers to the breakdown of larger molecules and is usually associated with energy released?
Catabolism
P44
Which of the following factors are used to calculate torque?
Length of the moment arm and the magnitude of applied force
P21
Which of the following occurs in glycolysis when sufficient oxygen is available?
Pyruvate is shuttled to mitochondria
P49
Metabolic acidosis is caused by which of the following?
Increase in hydrogen concentration in the cell
P49
Which of the following is not a factor in maximal Force output?
Mitochondrial density
P30-33
An athlete look into decrease lactate accumulation during higher intensity exercise should do which of the following?
Train around or above OBLA
P51
Which of the following muscles acts as a synergist during deep squatting to counteract hip flexion?
Gluteus maximus
P26-27
The phosphagen system relies on which of the following compounds for ATP resynthesis?
Creatine phosphate
P46
The first class lever has which of the following characteristics?
Connect at a mechanical advantage or disadvantage and muscle force acts on the opposite side of the fulcrum as the resistive force
P21
The lactate threshold in onset of blood lactate accumulation may be caused by which of the following?
Increased recruitment of large motor units
P50-51
Fluid resistance is not a significant factor in which of the following activities
Olympic lifting
P36-37
Rotational work is a function of which of the following factors?
Angular displacement and torque
P29
Which of the following statements correctly completes the statement? To concentrically move against resistance, a muscle that operates at mechanical advantage of less than one must produce force:
Greater than the external resistance
P21
What activity primarily relies on friction is the source of resistance?
Sled push
For given muscle strength, Athletes with tendon assertions further from the joint would be expected to have which of the following abilities?
Be able to lift heavier weight
P23
Calculate the positive work performed in the power output when lifting a barbell straight upwards using the following numbers:
Gravity 9.8, Barbell 50kg, vert displacement 1.5m, desired accel. 1 m/s2, time to lift bar 2s
Work = 540 J ; power = 270 W
Fibrous attachments have which of the following characteristics?
Contiguous with muscle sheets and connective tissues
P20
Athlete a and B have the same cross-section area in the quadricep muscles, however athlete A is taller and has more volume in the quadriceps. All else being equal, which athlete likely has stronger quad?
Quadricep strength should be similar for both athletes
P30
Protein oxidation causes the build up which of the following substances?
Urea, ammonia
P53
Which effect is responsible for determining the direction of the reaction but during rephosphorylation via CP system ?
Mass action effect
P46
A weight belt should only be used during which of the following
During the heavy sets of structural exercises
P38-38
Exchange of nutrients between blood and tissues occurs in which of the following structures?
Capillaries
The AV bundle
Conducts electrical impulses to the ventricles
Golgi tendon organs relay sensory information concerning
Muscle tension
External oblique is responsible for
Contralateral torso rotation
Which of the following formulas represents the rate pressure product of oxygen consumption by the heart?
Heart rate * systolic blood pressure
What is the maximum increase in tidal volume associated with aerobic exercise?
3 L
An athlete displaying decreased performance, increased resting heart rate, and altered immune function is likely suffering from which of the following?
Non-functional overreaching
“Oxygen uptake” refers to which of the following?
Amount of oxygen consumed by bodily tissues
What is the approximate amount of oxygen carrying capacity per 100mL of blood in men?
20mL
What adjustments occur after 3-6 weeks days at altitude (>1,200 m above sea-level)?
Increased hemoglobin formation
Calculate the BMI for an individual weighing 80kg with a height of 200cm.
20 (BMI=weight/height^2
acute cardiovascular responses to aerobic training?
Increased cardiac output
Increased stroke volume
Increased heart rate
neural adaptations that occur as a result of anaerobic training
Increased agonist recruitment
Increased firing rate
Decreased inhibitory mechanisms
Which of the following is the most appropriate age category assessment for youth athletes?
Biological
Who is most susceptible to epiphyseal growth plate damage?
Adolescents at peak height velocity
Which of the following substances increases red blood cell formation?
Erythropoietin
Sarcopenia is associated with which of the following?
Decreased muscle cross-section area
At what point in adolescence do peak strength gains typically appear?
1.2 years after peak height velocity
Which of the following is the most accurate method of measuring intensity?
Blood lactate concentration
The storage of potential energy occurs during which phase of the stretch-shortening cycle?
Eccentric phase
Hyperoxic breathing refers to which of the following?
Inhaling oxygen-enriched air between sets or during recovery
Theoretically, supercompensation occurs during which phase of the GAS?
Resistance phase
During advanced stages of detraining, highly trained athletes may see a decrease in VO2 max of:
6-20%
Which compound produces more net ATP during substate-level phosphorylation?
Glycogen
The oxygen deficit represents which of the following?
P57 anaerobic contribution to exercise
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that occurs during the contraction phase?
Myosin ATPase
An athlete displaying sleep disturbances, performance degradation, and mood disturbances may be suffering from:
OTS
During ventricular contraction, which valve stops the backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium on the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid Valve
Which muscles aid in inspiration during heavy breathing?
Sternocleidomastoids
The phosphagen system is defined by which of the following?
Anaerobic alactic system
Which region delays the neurocardiac signal from the atrium to the ventricle?
AV Node
Growth hormone does not influence
Increased glycogen production
An example of a poly peptide hormone is
Insulin
What valves prevent that blood backflow during diastole?
Semilunar valves
According to inverted U theory, which of the following benefit from relatively hire arousal?
A skilled athlete with competitive experience and a simple sport skill
Data tends to congregate around which of these values?
Measures of central tendency
Which cardiac chamber experiences the most increase in volume and wall thickness during aerobic training?
Left ventricle
Which electrical occurrences are undetectable during a normal electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Atrial repolarization
Which sarcomere structure attaches to filaments that contract during concentric contraction?
Z line
The second generation airway passages are known as which of the following?
Bronchi
What oxygen uptake state does the body enter after the initial spike in oxygen intake during a low-power, constant output exercise?
Steady state
Which electrical occurrences are undetectable during a normal electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Atrial depolarization
Which muscle stabilizes the hip in the frontal plane during squatting movements?
Glute Medius
A first-class lever has which of the following characteristics?
III. Can act at a mechanical advantage or disadvantage
IV. Muscle force acts on the opposite side of fulcrum as the resistive force
Which body type do late-maturing adolescents typically have?
Ectomorphic
Which of these is growth hormone not responsible for influencing?
Increasing glycogen production
Which of the following performance or physiological characteristics is NOT usually observed in a state of nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) within athlete populations?
mood disturbances and depression
Following prolonged periods of detraining in elite strength/power athletes, which of the following physical characteristics will likely show the largest reduction as a consequence of the removal of an anaerobic training stimulus?
fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle during each beat is the
stroke volume
Which of the following does NOT normally increase during an aerobic exercise session?
diastolic blood pressure
The mean arterial pressure is defined as the
average blood pressure throughout the cardiac cycle
Primary training adaptations of elite aerobically trained athletes include which of the following?
I. increased maximal oxygen uptake
II. decreased blood lactate concentration III. increased running economy
Growth cartilage in children is located at all of the following
epiphyseal plate
joint surface
apophyseal insertion
The condition characterized by a bone mineral density more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean is called
Osteoporosis
When measuring maximal strength of a soccer player, which of the following could potentially adversely affect the test–retest reliability of the results?
using multiple testers
retesting at a different time of day
an athlete’s inexperience with the tested exercise
The bench press, vertical jump, and 10m Sprint are the most valid test for what American football position?
Defensive lineman
Which of the following tests is used to measure maximum muscular power?
Margaria-Kalamen test
vertical jump
1RM power clean
Flexibility of which of these muscle groups or body areas is assessed during the sit-and-reach test?
Hamstrings and lumbar spine
When compiling results from the volleyball team’s vertical jump testing, the strength and conditioning pro- fessional notices that most scores are similar, but there are three scores that are much higher than the rest. Which of the following measures of central tendency is most appropriate for this group?
Median
When stimulated during PNF stretching, Golgi tendon organs allow the relaxation of the
stretched muscle by its own contraction
Which of the following stretching techniques decreases muscle spindle stimulation?
Static
Stimulation of muscle spindles induces a
contraction of the stretched muscle
