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Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 1 > Exercise, respiration and heart rate lab review > Flashcards

Exercise, respiration and heart rate lab review Flashcards

1
Q

What does an increase in metabolic rate require?

A

Increase in oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal

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2
Q

What is the requirement of metabolic rate being met by?

A

Increasing both the volume of gas moved in and out of the lungs per minute and the rate of the blood flow (cardiac output) through the systemic circulation

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3
Q

What is the highest rate of aerobic muscular work a healthy person?

A

Depends on the highest rate at which oxygen can be delivered to the active muscle fibres

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4
Q

What is the limit of the highest cardiac output which a person can attain?

A

Ventilation can increase sufficiently to keep arterial blood fully oxygenated, whatever the rate of uptake of oxygen

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5
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

CO= SV x HR

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6
Q

When are increased requirements of gas exchange needed?

A

When exercising

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7
Q

How can VO2 be expressed?

A

In relative and absolute terms

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8
Q

What is Pulse pressure?

A

Pulse pressure= SBP-DBP

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9
Q

What is mean arterial BP?

A

Mean arterial BP= Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse pressure

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10
Q

What happens when the aortic valve opens?

A

The ventricular ejection begins, aortic pressure increases rapidly to a peak value, and then decreases

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11
Q

How is part of the energy from the left ventricular contraction stored?

A

By stretching the elastic components of the aortic walls

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12
Q

What is the definition of pulse pressure?

A

The difference between the maximum (systolic blood pressure, SBP) and minimum (diastolic blood pressure, DBP) blood pressure

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13
Q

What is ‘mean pressure’?

A

Constant pressure which would result in the same total blood flow as arterial pressure waveform actually observed

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14
Q

What does the temporary storage of part of the stroke volume serve to do?

A

During ejection period serves to smooth out the flow of blood in the circulation, so that flow continues during diastole

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15
Q

What does the extent of the pressure increase in the arterial system depend on?

A

Stroke volume which the arteries have to store

The arterial compliance

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16
Q

What does compliance mean?

A

Compliance is a measure of the change in volume for a given change in pressure: the more compliant the arteries are, the more easily are they distended

17
Q

What does arterial compliance depend on?

A

Physical properties of the arterial wall

Value of the mean arterial pressure

18
Q

What happens to the arterial wall at a higher pressure?

A

Arterial wall becomes less compliant as it is stretched more

19
Q

What happens to the arteries when the ventricle relaxes and ejection ceases?

A

The pressure in the arteries is maintained by elastic recoil

20
Q

What happens to the arterial walls in old age?

A

Lose elasticity and are less compliant

21
Q

What is a given stroke volume likely to produce?

A

Higher systolic
Lower diastolic
(hence larger pulse pressure in a subject aged 70 compared to age 20)

22
Q

What is a classical sphygmomanometer comprised of?

A

Valved pump

Inflatable cuff connected to a manometer by flexible tubing

23
Q

What is the standard manometer?

A

Glass U-tube containing mercury

24
Q

What does a sphygmomanometer measure?

A

Blood pressure

25
Q

How is blood pressure measured using a sphygmomanometer?

A

The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated to a pressure sufficient to squeeze shut the brachial artery, detected by the absence of the brachial pulse
Pressure is then reduced until the pulse reappears; the manometer reading is taken to equal SBP

26
Q

What else is used along side a sphygmomanometer?

A

By listening with a stethoscope to the sounds produced in the brachial artery during the gradual reduction of cuff pressure, it is possible to identify not only the SBP but also the DBP

27
Q

What are the possible variations between individual BP?

A 
Nervous subjects (sympathetic discharge)
HR and BP could be higher than normal
Seeing own reading may increase sympathetic drive
Resistance peripheral resistance
Resting CO
Medication
Fitting of cuff
28
Q

How much oxygen is in the air room?

A

21%

29
Q

What is mixed expired gas collected in?

A

Douglas bag

30
Q

What does a Douglas bag help measure?

A

Collected over a known period of time and the volume of gas measured to obtain the volume expired per minute and the oxygen content (% volume) in the gas

31
Q

What is heart rate measured by?

A

Heart rate monitor positioned on the chest wall of subject

32
Q

How is blood pressure measured using an electronic cuff?

A

At rest with the subject sitting on the bike in the exercising position
Immediately on cessation of the exercise period
After 10 minutes recovery period

33
Q

What does watts equate to?

A

Watts= Joules/sec

e.g. 100 watts = 100 J/sec = 6000 J/min = 6kJ/min

34
Q

What is found indirectly by measuring the oxygen consumption?

A

The rate of total energy output during exercise

35
Q

What does increase Ventilation cause?

A

Increased alveolar PO2, therefore oxygen consumption rises

36
Q

What is the H+ buffered by in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate forming carbonic acid

37
Q

What are two main drawbacks of the linear extrapolation method?

A

Assumption 220-age

Assumption that HR and VO2 relationship remains linear as exercise intensifies

38
Q

What is VO2?

A

Measure of the maximum volume of oxygen that an athlete can use

39
Q

What happens after faster light exercise?

A

Metabolic recovery takes longer
Repayment of the oxygen debt
HR remains higher for longer in order to help clear the build up of lactate following heavy exercise increased blood flow

Physiology and Neuroscience Semester 1 (21 decks)

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