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Year 12 A Level PE > Exercise Physiology - Short term effect - Cardiac > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology - Short term effect - Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary short term response of the heart to exercise?

A

Increased heart rate.

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2
Q

True or False: Stroke volume decreases during short term exercise.

A

False.

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: During exercise, the body prioritizes blood flow to the _______ muscles.

A

working.

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4
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps in one minute.

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5
Q

How does exercise affect blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure generally increases during exercise.

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6
Q

What happens to heart rate during intense exercise?

A

Heart rate increases significantly.

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7
Q

True or False: The body uses the ‘fight or flight’ response during exercise.

A

True.

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8
Q

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

A

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate.

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9
Q

During exercise, what happens to the redistribution of blood flow?

A

It shifts towards the muscles and away from non-essential organs.

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10
Q

What role does adrenaline play during exercise?

A

It increases heart rate and contractility of the heart.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The immediate increase in heart rate is primarily regulated by the _______ nervous system.

A

sympathetic.

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12
Q

What is the impact of exercise on venous return?

A

Venous return increases during exercise.

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13
Q

True or False: Heart rate can exceed 200 beats per minute in well-trained athletes during maximal exercise.

A

True.

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14
Q

What happens to the heart’s efficiency during regular exercise training?

A

The heart becomes more efficient.

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15
Q

Short answer: Name two factors that can increase stroke volume during exercise.

A

Increased venous return and stronger heart contractions.

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16
Q

What is meant by the term ‘maximal heart rate’?

A

The highest heart rate an individual can achieve during intense exercise.

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17
Q

True or False: Oxygen uptake increases during exercise as the demand for oxygen rises.

A

True.

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18
Q

How does the body respond to increased carbon dioxide levels during exercise?

A

It increases breathing rate and depth.

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19
Q

What is the typical resting heart rate range for adults?

A

60 to 100 beats per minute.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for initiating the heartbeat.

A

sinoatrial node.

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21
Q

What physiological change occurs to the heart’s walls with regular exercise?

A

Hypertrophy (thickening of the heart walls).

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22
Q

How does exercise affect the heart’s electrical conduction system?

A

It can enhance the efficiency of the conduction system.

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23
Q

What is the effect of short-term exercise on body temperature?

A

Body temperature increases.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The term ‘cardiac drift’ refers to the gradual increase in heart rate during prolonged exercise despite _______ intensity.

A

constant.

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25
Q

What is the significance of the heart’s increased rate and stroke volume during exercise?

A

It ensures adequate oxygen delivery to tissues.

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26
Q

What are the primary purposes of the cardiovascular system during exercise?

A

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and remove waste products such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide.

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27
Q

What is the role of cardiovascular/respiratory regulation during exercise?

A

To maintain adequate blood flow to carry oxygen and nutrients to working muscles and remove waste products.

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28
Q

What is the structure of the heart?

A

The heart is a four-chambered dual action pump.

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29
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the muscles and other tissues and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.

30
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the muscles and other tissues of the body.

31
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Each heartbeat results in the simultaneous pumping of both sides of the heart, making it a very efficient pump.

32
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

The circulation between the heart and the lungs that transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs for re-oxygenation.

33
Q

How does blood flow in pulmonary circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood is transported from the heart via the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where CO2 is removed and O2 is absorbed, then returns to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary vein.

34
Q

Which chambers of the heart support the pulmonary circulation loop?

A

The right atrium and right ventricle.

35
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart (via the aorta) to the muscles and other tissues of the body. After the oxygen-rich blood has been used in the muscles to produce energy (ATP), CO2 rich, deoxygenated blood is transported to the right side of the heart.

36
Q

What are the pumping chambers for systemic circulation?

A

The left atrium and left ventricle of the heart are the pumping chambers for the systemic circulation loop.

37
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

The cardiac cycle has two phases: the relaxation phase (diastole) and the contraction phase (systole).

38
Q

How long does the whole cardiac cycle take?

A

The whole cardiac cycle takes about 0.8 seconds.

39
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

During diastole, the heart relaxes and fills with blood. This is the longest part of the cycle, lasting 0.5 seconds.

40
Q

What happens during systole?

A

During systole, the heart contracts and blood is ejected from the heart. This is the shortest part of the cycle, lasting 0.3 seconds.

41
Q

What happens to diastole during exercise?

A

During exercise, diastole increases in time due to the increase in volume of blood needing to be pumped out of the body (venous return).

42
Q

What is venous return?

A

Venous return is the rate at which blood returns to the heart. It increases with exercise intensity.

43
Q

What is Starling’s Law?

A

Starling’s Law refers to the increased stroke volume as a result of an increased amount of blood filling the heart, due to cardiac muscles stretching before contracting.

44
Q

What happens to stroke volume when venous return decreases?

A

As venous return decreases, stroke volume also decreases.

45
Q

How can venous return be regulated?

A

Venous return can be regulated by:
- Veins controlling blood flow with valves and smooth muscle.
- Musculo-skeletal pump where muscles contract against the skeletal system.
- Pressure gradient moving from high to low pressure.

46
Q

What is cardiac dynamics?

A

Cardiac dynamics refers to the physiological, neurological, and hormonal changes in response to exercise intensity, which vary based on intensity and duration.

47
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (mL/blood/min) and is a function of heart rate and stroke volume.

48
Q

What is the relationship between heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is determined by the product of heart rate and stroke volume.

49
Q

What is heart rate (HR)?

A

Heart rate (HR) is the number of heart beats per minute (BPM).

50
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood, in millilitres (mL), pumped out of the heart per beat.

51
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Cardiac output (Q) is calculated as Q = HR * SV.

52
Q

What is the average resting heart rate and stroke volume of a person?

A

An average person has a resting heart rate of 70 beats/minute and a resting stroke volume of 70 mL/beat.

53
Q

What is the cardiac output for an average person at rest?

A

The cardiac output for this person at rest is 5040 mL/minute or 5 Litres/minute.

54
Q

How much can cardiac output increase during intense exercise?

A

During intense exercise, the cardiac output can increase up to 7 fold (35 litres/minute).

55
Q

How do heart rate and stroke volume change with exercise intensity?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume increase proportionally with exercise intensity.

56
Q

What are the heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output for a sedentary individual during aerobic exercise?

A

Sedentary individual: Heart rate = 130 beats/min, Stroke volume = 70 mL, Cardiac output = 9,000 mL/minute.

57
Q

What are the heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output for an athlete during aerobic exercise?

A

Athlete: Heart rate = 110 beats/min, Stroke volume = 150 mL, Cardiac output = 16,500 mL/minute.

58
Q

Why does an athlete have a higher cardiac output?

A

This is achieved because the athlete has a thicker myocardium (heart muscle) on the left side of the heart.

59
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

The ejection fraction is the volume ejected each contraction of blood out of the left ventricle.

60
Q

What is anaerobic exercise?

A

Anaerobic exercise refers to high-intensity physical activity that does not rely on oxygen for energy production.

61
Q

What is the average heart rate for a sedentary individual?

A

150 beats/min

62
Q

What is the average heart rate for an athlete?

A

180 beats/min

63
Q

What is the stroke volume for a sedentary individual?

A

70 mL

64
Q

What is the stroke volume for an athlete?

A

180 mL

65
Q

What is the cardiac output for a sedentary individual?

A

10,000 mL/minute

66
Q

What is the cardiac output for an athlete?

A

35,000 mL/minute

67
Q

How much can stroke volume increase during exercise?

A

Stroke volume may increase only up to 40-60% of maximal capacity after which it plateaus.

68
Q

Why does stroke volume remain unchanged until exhaustion?

A

Stroke volume remains unchanged right up until the point of exhaustion.

69
Q

What allows for continued increase in exercise intensity?

A

The continued increase in heart rate allows for continued increase in exercise intensity.

70
Q

Why is it difficult for a sedentary individual to reach maximum heart rate?

A

It is difficult to increase their heart rate to maximum as they are not used to working at that intensity.

71
Q

What happens to the myocardium in a sedentary individual during high intensity exercise?

A

The myocardium is not developed enough to take any more blood into it.

Year 12 A Level PE (8 decks)

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