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Year 12 A Level PE > Exercise Physiology - Lifestyle Choices > Flashcards

Exercise Physiology - Lifestyle Choices Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What is health?

A

Health is a complete state of mental, physical, and social well-being without disease.

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3
Q

What is fitness?

A

Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment.

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4
Q

What is exercise?

A

Exercise is an activity done to improve one’s health and fitness.

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5
Q

What factors can affect health and fitness?

A

Factors include diet, alcohol, motivation, friendships and relationships, money, condition of living, illnesses or injuries, job, standard of living, environment, drugs, happiness, and smoking.

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6
Q

What is a lifestyle choice that can affect health?

A

Smoking and Alcohol

These are common lifestyle choices that have significant health implications.

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7
Q

How does smoking affect health?

A

Negative effects include respiratory issues and increased risk of diseases

Cigarettes contain harmful ingredients that contribute to these effects.

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8
Q

How does alcohol consumption affect health?

A

Negative effects include liver damage and addiction

Excessive alcohol intake can lead to severe health problems.

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9
Q

How does smoking affect sports performance?

A

Reduces lung capacity and endurance

Smoking can hinder athletic performance.

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10
Q

How does alcohol consumption affect sports performance?

A

Impairs coordination and reaction time

Alcohol can negatively influence athletic abilities.

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11
Q

What is a healthy lifestyle choice related to diet and exercise?

A

Following a healthy diet and participating in exercise

These choices positively affect the body.

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12
Q

What are the negative effects of choosing an unhealthy diet?

A

Weight gain and increased risk of chronic diseases

Poor dietary choices can lead to long-term health issues.

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13
Q

What are the positive effects of a healthy diet and physical activity?

A

Improved overall health and fitness

A balanced approach contributes to better well-being.

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14
Q

What is ‘Energy balance’?

A

The relationship between calories consumed and calories expended

Essential for maintaining or altering body weight.

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15
Q

What is ‘Energy expenditure’?

A

The total amount of energy used by the body

Includes basal metabolic rate (BMR) and physical activity.

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16
Q

What does BMR stand for?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

The number of calories the body needs at rest to maintain basic functions.

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17
Q

What does HDL stand for?

A

High-Density Lipoprotein

Known as ‘good’ cholesterol, it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.

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18
Q

How can diet manipulation benefit health?

A

Tailors nutrient intake to individual needs

Adjusting diet can optimize health outcomes.

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19
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A diet that includes a variety of foods in the right proportions

Essential for obtaining necessary nutrients.

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20
Q

What is the recommended daily water intake?

A

8 pints or 12 liters

Adequate hydration is crucial for health and performance.

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21
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

Nutrients required in large amounts: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Provide energy and are essential for growth and maintenance.

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22
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins and minerals required in smaller amounts

Important for various biochemical functions in the body.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: A diet high in _______ can lead to weight gain.

A

calories

Excess caloric intake is a key factor in weight management.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: A diet low in _______ can improve overall health.

A

sugar

Reducing sugar intake is often recommended for better health.

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25
Q

What is a healthy diet characterized by?

A

Plenty of fruit and vegetables, varied meals, and water

A healthy diet includes carbohydrates, proteins, and fibers, and typically involves eating three meals a day.

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26
Q

What are some components of an unhealthy diet?

A

Salt, too much sugar, processed foods, fast food, saturated fats, energy drinks

Overconsumption and snacking can also contribute to an unhealthy diet.

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27
Q

What is the recommended duration of daily exercise?

A

60 minutes a day

Exercise should involve raising the heart rate and can include vigorous or non-vigorous activities.

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28
Q

What are the benefits of exercise?

A

Releases happy endorphins, weight training, cardio training, circuit training, aerobic and anaerobic activities

Warm-up and cool-down are important components of an exercise routine.

29
Q

What is energy balance?

A

Energy Input = Energy Output

It refers to the amount of calories we take in versus the amount of calories we burn off.

30
Q

What is a calorie?

A

A measure of energy in food

Understanding calories is crucial for managing energy balance.

31
Q

What happens if we have energy balance?

A

Our weight will remain constant

If you eat too many calories and don’t burn them off, you will gain weight.

32
Q

What is a positive energy balance?

A

Energy Input > Energy Output

This occurs when you consume more calories than you burn.

33
Q

What is a negative energy balance?

A

Energy Output > Energy Input

This occurs when you burn more calories than you consume.

34
Q

What is energy expenditure?

A

The amount of calories burnt off during exercise or physical activity.

35
Q

Why is it important for individuals to be aware of energy expenditure?

A

Excess energy taken in as food that is not used during daily energy expenditure is stored in the body as fat.

36
Q

What does BMR stand for?

A

Basal Metabolic Rate.

37
Q

Define Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).

A

The rate at which a person uses energy to maintain the basic functions of the body.

38
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body.

39
Q

How do BMR and metabolism vary?

A

They vary from person to person.

40
Q

Who usually has a higher BMR, men or women?

A

Men.

41
Q

Why do men usually have a higher BMR than women?

A

They tend to have a higher muscle mass.

42
Q

What factors determine the total amount of energy required by individuals?

A
  • Level of activity
  • Body weight
43
Q

How does physical activity influence energy consumption?

A

The more active you are, the more energy an individual can consume without gaining weight.

44
Q

What is the relationship between diet and metabolism?

A

A good diet will meet the demands of our metabolism.

45
Q

How does exercise affect metabolism?

A

Exercise will speed up our metabolism.

46
Q

What happens to metabolism post-exercise?

A

Metabolism will be higher.

47
Q

Fill in the blank: Any excess energy taken in as food that is not used during daily energy expenditure is stored in the body as _______.

A

fat.

48
Q

True or False: BMR is the same for all individuals.

A

False.

49
Q

What does HDL stand for?

A

High Density Lipoprotein

HDL is often referred to as ‘good’ cholesterol.

50
Q

What are HDL’s functions?

A

Removes fatty deposits in the blood vessels

This helps in reducing the risk of diseases associated with bad cholesterol.

51
Q

What does LDL stand for?

A

Low Density Lipoprotein

LDL is often referred to as ‘bad’ cholesterol.

52
Q

How does exercise affect HDL levels?

A

Increases the production of HDL

Regular physical activity contributes to higher levels of good cholesterol.

53
Q

What is the relationship between HDL and disease risk?

A

Higher HDL levels reduce the risk of diseases caused by LDL

This highlights the importance of maintaining a healthy balance of cholesterol.

54
Q

What type of cholesterol is considered ‘good’?

A

HDL

HDL is beneficial for heart health.

55
Q

What type of cholesterol is considered ‘bad’?

A

LDL

LDL can lead to health issues such as heart disease.

56
Q

Fill in the blank: A healthy diet will mean that you will intake less _______ and more HDL.

A

LDL

A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.

57
Q

Both HDL and LDL can be found in _______.

A

Foods

Dietary sources can influence cholesterol levels in the body.

58
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A potentially serious condition where arteries become clogged with plaque.

Plaque consists of substances called atheroma, which can lead to serious cardiovascular issues.

59
Q

What are the main causes of atherosclerosis?

A
  • High cholesterol
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Poor lifestyle choices

Lifestyle choices such as diet and exercise play a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis.

60
Q

What are common treatments for atherosclerosis?

A
  • Statins
  • High blood pressure medications
  • Bypass surgery

These treatments aim to lower cholesterol levels and improve blood flow.

61
Q

Define hypertension.

A

A condition in which the blood vessels have persistently raised pressure.

Hypertension can lead to serious health issues such as heart attacks and strokes.

62
Q

What are the causes of hypertension?

A
  • Too much salt
  • Lack of exercise
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Being overweight

Lifestyle adjustments can significantly help in managing hypertension.

63
Q

What are common treatments for hypertension?

A
  • Healthy diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Medications to lower blood pressure

These treatments aim to manage and control blood pressure levels.

64
Q

What occurs during a heart attack?

A

The supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked.

This blockage can cause damage to the heart muscle due to lack of oxygen.

65
Q

What are common treatments for a heart attack?

A
  • Aspirin
  • Medications to dissolve blood clots
  • Coronary surgery to restore blood flow

Quick treatment is critical to minimize heart damage.

66
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A very serious condition where the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted or reduced.

Strokes can be caused by a blockage (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic).

67
Q

What are common treatments for a stroke?

A
  • Medicines that prevent and dissolve blood clots
  • Medications to reduce cholesterol levels

Immediate medical attention is vital for effective treatment of strokes.

68
Q

Define Type 2 diabetes.

A

A condition that causes too much sugar in the blood due to insulin resistance.

Factors include diet, ethnicity, age, and other medical conditions.

69
Q

What are common treatments for Type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Dietary changes
  • Regular exercise
  • Insulin injections
  • Cell transplants

Management of Type 2 diabetes focuses on maintaining blood sugar levels.

Year 12 A Level PE (8 decks)

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