Exercise Physiology Flashcards
What are carbohydrates are made into and how are they stored?
They turn into glucose which is either made into a metabolic pathway yielding ATP or is stored as glycogen.
What is fat stored as and made into when we eat it?
Fatty acid’s are either made into metabolic pathways yielding ATP or stored as adipose tissue.
What is proteins made into and how is it stored?
Amino acids which are then made to grow and repair tissue or metabolic pathways yielding a TP. It is converted into lean body mass or the excess is excreted.
Major muscles that act at the shoulder girdle.
Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major and minor, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
Group of muscles that make up the rotator cuff. SITS
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, Teres minor
Vasopressin
Acts on the kidneys and is considered and antidiuretic
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
The substances function cooperatively to prepare the body for emergencies or stressful events.
Diastolic blood pressure
The pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle; indicative of total peripheral resistance.
Eccentric
A type of isotonic muscle contraction in which the muscling things against resistance when it is stimulated sometimes called negative work or negative reps
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension DASH eating plan.
And eating plan designed to reduce blood pressure; also serves as an overall healthy way of eating that can be adopted by nearly anyone; may also lower risk of coronary heart disease.
Dendrite
The portion of the nerve fiber that transmits impulses toward a nerve cell bodies; receptive portion of a nerve cell
Glenohumeral joint
The ball and socket joint composed of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humeral head.
Fulcrum
The support on which lever rotates when moving or lifting something
How many calories in a gram of fat?
9
How many calories in a gram of carbohydrate?
4
Synapse
The region of communication between neurons
Autogenic inhibition
The GTO senses increased tension when the muscle contracts or stretches. When the muscle contracts, the GTO is activated and responds by inhibiting this contraction, reflex inhibition, and contracting the opposing, antagonist, muscle group. Seen most during static stretching. Low force, long duration stretch. After 7 to 10 seconds tension increases in activates the GTO response causing the muscle spindle in the stretched muscle to be inhibited temporarily which makes it possible to stretch the muscle further.
Reciprocal inhibition
Seen during dynamic stretching. Agonist muscle group contracts while the antagonist muscle group relaxes.
Six processes of digestion
Ingestion in the mouth, movement of food along the digestive tract using involuntary smooth muscle contractions called peristalsis; mechanical preparation of food for digestion including chewing and churning of food in the stomach to break it down into smaller pieces for easier digestion; chemical digestion; absorption of the digested foods into the body for use; and elimination of the in digestible substances and waste left over. Most digestion occurs in small intestine. Large intestine extracts water and salt.
4 types of bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Bone layers
Cortical bone 75% (outside)
Trabecular bone 25%
Axial skeleton
Provides protection and support for the nervous system. Skull, vertebral column, sternum, ribs
Apendicular or skeleton
Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdle’s all of which serve as a means to provide support and movement for the body.
Proprioception
Understanding and awareness of where the body is in faith and in relation to its surroundings.
Myofibril
The portion of the muscle containing the thick (myosin) and thin (actin) contractile filaments; a series of sarcomeres where the repeating pattern of the contractile proteins gives the striated appearance to skeletal muscle.
Muscle spindle
The sensory organ within a muscle that is sensitive to stretch and thus protects the muscle against too much stretch.
Protraction
Scapular abduction
Cortisol
Promotes protein and triglyceride breakdown during prolonged exercise.
Estrogen
Plays a major role in bone formation and maintenance.
Epinephrine
Increases cardiac output and cause of glycogenolysis during exercise.
Insulin
Facilitates glucose removal from the blood
Aldosterone
Limits sodium excretion of the year and to maintain electrolyte balance during exercise
Glucagon
Causes the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream
Growth hormone
Facilitates protein synthesis in the body
Explain the mechanism by which conditions like asthma and emphysema limit exercise performance.
Individuals with illnesses that limit respiration are unable to move enough air through their lines to adequately aerate the alveoli and thereby oxygenate the blood. As a result, the blood leaving the Longs is not sufficiently loaded with oxygen and exercise capacity is diminished. Additionally, because the brain is very sensitive to the CO2 concentration in the blood, the exerciser will feel an urgent need to stop exercising.
Explain the mechanism by which myocardial infarction limits exercise performance.
Did Jackson fraction maybe reduced after the loss of heart muscle tissue following a myocardial infarction to. The ejection fraction represents the contractile force of the heart, a key factor in the increase in stroke volume the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat that is needed to increase cardiac output, the quantity of blood pumped for minute. A limited cardiac output leads to a decrease amount of oxygen reaching the active tissues.
Explain the bodies a cute response to aerobic exercise, beginning with the commencement of exercise and ending when the exerciser reaches a new level of steady state.
With the commencement of exercise the oxygen deficit occurs, which means that the actual video to oxygen consumption does not immediately meet the bodies need for oxygen. During the first 2 to 4 minutes. Many exercises find uncomfortable, anaerobic metabolic system is producing energy needed to carry out the exercise. Oxygen is depleted and lactate accumulates. When the cardiorespiratory system is fully responded, a new level of oxygen consumption is achieved, at which point most exercisers begin to feel more comfortable.
Explain the body’s response to the cessation of a single bout of aerobic exercise.
With the cessation of exercise, the requirement for oxygen to the initial resting level. As cardiac output, blood pressure, and respiratory ventilation return to resting levels, oxygen consumption slowly declines as well, but is still elevated above resting levels. This is called excess post exercise oxygen consumption. The energy produced during this time is used to replenish the depleted hostages, to eliminate accumulated lactate if it is and has not already been cleared from the blood, and to restore other homeostatic conditions.
cardiorespiratory training phase
Phase 1 – aerobic – based training
- The focuses on creating positive exercise experiences that help sedentary clients become regular exercisers.
-no fitness assessments are required prior to this exercise phase
-Focus on steady-state exercise in zone one. Below HR at VY1
Stay at RPE of 3-4
-progress to phase 2 once the client cancels thing steady-state cardio respiratory exercise for 20 to 30 minutes in zone one and is comfortable with assessments.
Phase 2 - Aerobic-efficiency training
- focus is on increasing duration of exercise and introducing intervals to improve aerobic efficiency, fitness, and health.
- administer the submaximal talk to us to determine heart rate at VT1.
- increase workload at VT1 (increase HR at VT1), then introduce Lausanne to animals just above VT1 (RPE of 5) to improve aerobic efficiency and add variety and programming.
Aerobic endurance training - phase 3
For clients with performance goals.
- administer the VT2 threshold test to determine heart rate at VT2
Preparation stage of change
Ready to exercise but is not adopted a regular routine
Passive straight leg raise test
To assess the length of the hamstrings. Client Lays on a table, one leg is straight and trainer holds the other leg at the calf well holding one hand underneath the lower back. Trainer lives the leg and as soon as the lower back presses into the hands of the trainer that’s when you find your stopping point. If the rays legatees more than 80° of movement normal hamstringlength. If the rays leg she’s less than 80° of movement before the pelvis rotated posteriorly the client has tight hamstrings.
Normal blood pressure
<80
Pre-hypertension
120-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic
Hypertension stage 1
140-159 systolic or 90-99 diastolic
Hypertension stage 2
> 160 systolic or >100 diastolic
If the ankles collapse inward during a bend and lift screen. What needs strengthening?
Medial gastrocnemius, gracious, sartorial, tibialis
How many vitamins are essential
13
Hip adduction
A lateral tilt of the pelvis that elevates one hip higher than the other
Phase 2 training frequency
2-3 days per week
