Exercise Physiology Flashcards
Underweight is classified as a body mass index (BMI) of ______.
a. <19.9 kgm^-2
b. <18.6 kgm^-2
c. <24.9 kgm^-2
d. <20.5 kgm^-2
b. <18.5 kg*m^-2
When measuring regional body circumferences, an average of duplicate measures is used provided that those measurements do not differ by more than _____.
a. 3mm
b. 10 mm
c. 5 mm
d. 12 mm
c. 5 mm
Which of the following represents the demarcation point of a very high health risk for young women when using waist to hip ratio (WHR)?
a. >0.86
b. >0.95
c. >1.00
d. >1.03
a. >0.86
Which of the following is accepted as the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness?
a. field test performance
b. maximal volume of oxygen consumed per unit time (VO2 max)
c. body fat percentage
d. maximal heart rate (HR max)
b. maximal volume of oxygen consumed per unit (VO2 max)
When estimating VO2max using the YMCA cycle ergometer protocol, which of the following best describes the relationship between heart rate (HR) >110 bpm and 85% age predicted HR max or 70% heart rate reserve (HRR)?
a. logarithmic
b. inverse
c. curvilinear
d. linear
d. linear
Which of the following variables is unique to the Rockport One Mile Fitness Walking Test’s regression equation to estimate VO2 max?
a. age
b. HR
c. gender
d. body mass
c. gender
What is the suggested work rate for a deconditioned female individual performing the astrand-rhyming cycle ergometer protocol?
a. 150 or 300 kgmmin^-1 (25 or 50 W)
b. 300 or 450 kgmmin-1 (50 or 75 W)
c. 450 or 600 kgmmin-1 (75 or 100 W)
d. 600 or 9000 kgmmin-1 (100 or 150 W)
b. 300 or 450 kgmmin-1 (50 or 75 W)
The Queens College Step Test is performed for how long?
a. 45 s
b. 90 s
c. 3 min
d. 5 min
c. 3 min
Which of the following is not a general category for clinical exercise testing?
a. prognosis
b. implementation
c. evaluation
d. diagnosis
b. implementation
Which of the following is considered the gold standard to objectively measure exercise capacity?
a. maximal exercise testing using indirect calorimetry
b. submaximal exercise test using hemodynamic responses
c. physician exam
d. walk/run field test
a. maximal exercise testing using indirect calorimetry
Whose legal responsibility is it to supervise the clinical exercise laboratory and interpret all clinical exercise testing results in a diagnostic setting?
a. the test administrator
b. the clinical exercise physiologist
c. the on call physician assistant
d. the supervising physician
d. the supervising physician
which of the following graded exercise protocols is most widely used in the US in a clinical setting?
a. bruce treadmill protocol
b. queens college step test
c. astrand-rhyming cycle ergometer test
d. all are used equally
a. bruce treadmill protocol
HR, BP, and electrocardiogram (ECG) should be recorded regularly during the clinical exercise test and through at least _____ of recovery.
a. 90 s
b. 3 min
c. 6 min
d. 10 min
c. 6 min
the normal HR response to incremental exercise is to increase workloads at an HR of __ per 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)
a. 10 bpm
b. 5 bpm
c. 20 bpm
d. 15 bpm
a. 10 bpm
the purpose of the cool down period following an exercise session includes all of the following except _____.
a. gradual recovery of HR
b. gradual recovery of BP
c. improvement in range of motion (ROM)
d. removal of metabolic end products
c. improvement in range of motion (ROM)
What is the frequency of combined aerobic exercise recommended for most adults?
a. 5-7 d/wk
b. 4-6 d/wk
c. 3-5 d/wk
d. 1-3 d/wk
c. 3-5 d/wk
Which of the following percentages of HRR would classify as “moderate” aerobic exercise intensity?
a. 34%
b. 52%
c. 65%
d. 91%
b. 52%
Which of the following methods is not recommended for estimating exercise intensity for exercise prescription (Ex Rx)?
a. HRR
b. oxygen uptake reserve
c. ventilatory threshold
d. max heart rate percentage
d. max heart rate percentage
What is the minimum recommended target volume for energy expenditure to promote overall health and well being in an Ex Rx?
a. 500-1,000 MET-min/wk
b. 250-500 MET-min/wk
c. 150-250 MET-min/wk
d. 1,000-1,500 MET-min/wk
a. 500-1,000 MET-min/wk
What is the minimum recovery time recommended for a muscle group following a resistance training bout?
a. 12 h
b. 24 h
c. 48 h
d. 72 h
c. 48 h
Which of the following is not a purpose of physical fitness testing?
a. to bring in extra income to pay off other major expenses of the testing company
b. to educate participants about their present health and fitness status relative to health-related standards and age- and sex-matched norms
c. to motivate participants b establishing reasonable and attainable health/fitness goals
d. to allow evaluation of progress following an exercise program and long-term monitoring of participants
a. to bring in extra income to pay off other major expenses of the testing company
When performing a battery of tests in a single testing session, which of the following orders is most optimal for testing multiple health-related components of fitness?
a. sit and reach test, resting heart rate, queens college step test, ACSM push up test
b. queens college step test, HR rest, ACSM push up test, sit and reach test
c. ACSM push up test, queens college step test, sit and reach test, HR rest
d. HR rest, queens college step test, ACSM push up test, sit and reach test
d. HR rest, queens college step test, ACSM push up test, sit and reach test
The degenerative loss of muscle mass and, thus, strength due to reduced physical activity and aging is known as _____.
a. rheumatoid arthritis
b. sarcopenia
c. hypertension
d. osteoporosis
b. sarcopenia
Which of the following is not a valid test for muscular strength?
a. grip strength test
b. YMCA bench press test
c. 3-rep max bench press test
d. 10-RM shoulder press test
b. YMCA bench press test
The ________ skinfold site is performed using a diagonal fold method.
a. thigh
b. medial calf
c. suprailiac
d. abdominal
c. suprailiac
______ is not a contraindication of maximal exercise testing in the clinical setting.
a. acute myocarditis or pericarditis
b. ongoing unstable angina
c. recent stroke or transient ischemia attack
d. resting systolic blood pressure between 125 and 140 mm HG or diastolic blood pressure between 60 and 75 mm HG
d. resting systolic blood pressure between 125 and 140 mm HG or diastolic blood pressure between 60 and 75 mm HG
Clinical exercise testing among adult patients with chronic heart failure should observe the following recommendations except ______.
a. maximal exercise testing is reasonable to help determine whether HF is the cause of exercise limitation when the contribution of HF is uncertain
b. maximal exercise testing is not a realistic way to identify candidates for cardiac transplantation or other advanced treatments due to inherent risk of heart stress
c. exercise testing should be considered to detect reversible myocardial ischemia
d. exercise testing should be considered to aid in the prescription of exercise testing
b. maximal exercise testing is not a realistic way to identify candidates for cardiac transplantation or other advanced treatments due to inherent risk of heart stress
______ pertains to the ability to correctly identify patients who do not have a given condition.
a. sensitivity
b. specificity
c. positive percent value
d. negative predictive value
b. specificity
All of the following are among the ACSM guidelines to determine “maximal” effort during a graded exercise test except ______.
a. achievement of age predicted HRmax
b. a postexercise venous lactate concentration greater than 8 mmol/L
c. a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at peak exercise greater than 17 on the 6-2- scale or greater than 7 on the 0-10 scale
d. a peak respiratory exchange ratio (RER) greater than or equal to 1.10
a. achievement of age predicted HRmax
Which of the following BP readings would be characterized as hypertension in an adult?
a. 100/60 mm Hg
b. 110/70 mm Hg
c. 140/90 mm Hg
d. 120/80 mm Hg
c. 140/90 mm Hg
The informed consent document _____.
a. is a legal document
b. provides immunity from prosecution
c. provides an explanation of the test to the client
d. legally protects the rights of the client
c. provides an explanation of the test to the client
At minimum, professionals performing fitness assessments on others should possess which combo of the following?
a. CPR and ACSM EP-C
b. Advanced cardiac life support and ACSM Certified Clinical Exercise Physiologist
c. Advanced cardiac life support and ACSM Registered Clinical Exercise Physiologist
d. Only physicians can perform fitness assessments
a. CPR and ACSM EP-C
The optimal Ex Rx should address which of the following?
a. Cardiorespiratory fitness
b. body composition
c. neuromotor fitness
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
_______ involves holding the stretched position using the strength of the agonist muscle as is common in many forms of yoga.
a. passive static stretching
b. active static stretching
c. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
d. dynamic stretching
b. active static stretching
The ACSM recommends a frequency of at least _____ d of moderate exercise or at least ______ d of vigorous exercise per week for aerobic exercise training
a. 5;3
b. 4;4
c. 3;5
d. 4;2
a. 5;3
If a 175 lb man jogged for 30 minutes treadmill at an intensity of 26 mL/kg*min, what would his approximate caloric expenditure be for the entire 30 minute session.
a. 10 kcal
b. 80 kcal
c. 310.5 kcal
d. 3,900 kcal
c. 310.5 kcal
_____ is not recommended because of the significant chance of injury, severe muscle soreness, and serious complications such as rhabdomyolysis that can ensue.
a. resistance training composed exclusively of eccentric contractions conducted at very high intensities
b. the Valsalva maneuver
c. resistance training composed exclusively of static contractions for periods longer than 60 s
d. the use of a weight belt during powerlifting
a. resistance training composed exclusively of eccentric contractions conducted at very high intensities
Which of the following is not true regarding the psychological benefits of exercise in the elderly?
a. self concept
b. life satisfaction
c. stimulate appetite
d. self efficiency
c. stimulate appetite
Which statement is true regarding physical activity for children?
a. children should participate in several bouts of physical activity lasting more than 120 minutes each day
b. children should perform 30 minutes of moderate intensity and 30 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity on most days of the week
c. children should focus on just one or two modes of physical activity to develop exceptional skills in those areas
d. Children need to have several periods of 2 h or more of inactivity during the day in order to have adequate rest
b. children should perform 30 minutes of moderate intensity and 30 minutes of vigorous intensity physical activity on most days of the week
What does the acronym FITT-VP stand for?
a. fast, intense, time, type, volume, and progression
b. frequency, independent, time, type, volume, and persistence
c. Frequency, intensity, time, type, volume, and progression
d. Force, impulse, torque, time, volume, and progression
c. Frequency, intensity, time, type, volume, and progression
Optimal Ex Rx should contain which of the following?
a. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition, and neuromotor fitness
b. cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular power, muscular force, flexibility, body composition, and neuromotor fitness
c. cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular force, body composition, and neuromotor fitness
d. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular power, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition
a. Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition, and neuromotor fitness
According to the most recent ACSM guidelines in order to gain health benefits, it is recommended that moderate physical activity should be performed how many days per week?
a. 2 d/wk
b. 7 d/wk
c. 5 d/wk
d. 3 d/wk
c. 5 d/wk
For health benefits, it is recommended that vigorous physical activity should be performed how many days per week?
a. 2 d/wk
b. 7 d/wk
c. 5 d/wk
d. 3 d/wk
d. 3 d/wk
Moderate exercise is considered to be ______.
a. 59%-79% HRR or VO2R
b. 40%-59% HRR or VO2R
c. 30%-45% HRR or VO2R
d. 60%-89% HRR or VO2R
b. 40%-59% HRR or VO2R
Vigorous exercise is considered to be ________.
a. 59%-79% HRR or VO2R
b. 40%-59% HRR or VO2R
c. 30%-45% HRR or VO2R
d. 60%-89% HRR or VO2R
d. 60%-89% HRR or VO2R
The recommended exercise duration for moderate exercise is ______.
a. 30-60 min/d
b. 20-30 min/d
c. 20-50 min/d
d. 30-40 min/d
a. 30-60 min/d
When using a pedometer, how many steps should most individuals achieve?
a. 5,000 steps/d
b. 9,000 steps/d
c. 7,000 steps/d
d. 11,000 steps/d
c. 7,000 steps/d
Muscular fitness refers to ______.
a. muscular endurance, muscular force, muscular strength
b. muscular endurance, muscular power, and muscular strength
c. muscular power, muscular force, and muscular soreness
d. muscular strength, anaerobic power, and muscular power
b. muscular endurance, muscular power, and muscular strength
Ideal resistance training volume for most adults should be _______.
a. 2-4 sets with 8-12 reps
b. 1-2 sets with 8-12 reps
c. 2-4 sets with 12-15 reps
d. 3-5 sets with 8-12 reps
a. 2-4 sets with 8-12 reps
Which of the following medications is designed to modify blood cholesterol levels?
a. Nitrates
b. beta blockers
c. antihyperlipidemics
d. aspirin
c. antihyperlipidemics
Which of the following represents more than 90% of the fat stored in the body and is composed of glycerol molecule connected to 3 fatty acids?
a. phospholipids
b. cholesterol
c. triglycerides
d. free fatty acids
c. triglycerides
Which of the following BP readings represents the prehypertension category in adults?
a. 100/60 mm Hg
b. 110/70 mm Hg
c. 160/90 mm Hg
d. 118/84 mm Hg
d. 118/84 mm Hg
For every 1 MET increase in exercise intensity during submaximal exercise, SBP should increase _____.
a. approximately 10 mm Hg
b. 15-20 mm Hg
c. 25-30 mm Hg
d. 30-35 mm Hg
a. approximately 10 mm Hg
Which of the following would not terminate a maximal or submax exercise test in a low risk adult?
a. subject requests to stop
b. shortness of breath
c. a slight decrease in diastolic pressure
d. failure of HR to increase with increased intensity
c. a slight decrease in diastolic pressure
The ACSM recommends that, in apparently healthy individuals, aerobic exercise intensity be prescribed within what percentage of HR max range?
a. 40% to 60%
b. 50% to 80%
c. 60% to 90 %
d. 70% to 100%
c. 60% to 90%
The ACSM recommends how many reps of each exercise for muscular endurance?
a. 5-6
b. 15-25
c. 12-20
d. more than 25
b. 15-25
For higher intensity activities _____.
a. the benefit outweighs any potential risk
b. The risk of orthopedic and cardiovascular complications is increased
c. the risk of orthopedic and cardiovascular complications is minimal
d. there is no increased risk of orthopedic and cardiovascular complications
b. The risk of orthopedic and cardiovascular complications is increased
What is the recommended repetition range when resistance training adults for general muscular fitness?
a. 1-5
b. 6-10
c. 8-12
d. 15-20
c. 8-12
Feeling good about being able to perform an activity or skill, such as finally being able to run a mile or to increase the speed of walking a mile, is an example of an _____.
a. extrinsic reward
b. intrinsic reward
c. external stimulus
d. internal stimulus
b. intrinsic reward
In the 2015-2020 Dietary guidelines for Americans, it is recommended that adults need at least _______ min of moderate-intensity physical activity and should perform muscle strengthening exercises on ____ or more days per week.
a. 90,1
b. 120,2
c. 150, 2
d. 180, 1
c. 150, 2
The health belief model assumes that people will engage in a behavior, such as exercise, when ______.
a. there is a perceived threat of disease
b. external motivation is provided
c. optimal environmental conditions are met
d. internal motivation outweighs external circumstances
a. there is a perceived threat of disease
If a client exercises too much without rest days or develops a minor injury and does not allow time for the injury to heal, what can occur?
a. an overuse injury
b. shin splints
c. sleep deprivation
d. decreased physical conditioning
a. an overuse injury
Which of the following is a false statement regarding an informed consent?
a. the informed consent is not a legal document
b. the informed consent does not provide legal immunity to a facility or individual in the event of injury to an individual
c. negligence, improper test administration, inadequate personnel qualifications, and insufficient safety procedures are all items that are expressly covered by the informed consent
d. the consent form does not relieve the facility or individual of the responsibility to do everything possible to ensure the safety of the individual
c. negligence, improper test administration, inadequate personnel qualifications, and insufficient safety procedures are all items that are expressly covered by the informed consent
To determine program effectiveness, psychological theories provide a conceptual framework for assessment and _____.
a. management of programs or interventions
b. application of cognitive-behavioral or motivational principles
c. measurement
d. all of the above
b. application of cognitive-behavioral or motivational principles
An important safety consideration for exercise equipment in a fitness center includes _____.
a. flexibility of equipment to allow for different body sizes
b. affordability of equipment to allow for changing out equipment periodically
c. mobility of equipment to allow for easy rearrangement
d. none of the above
a. flexibility of equipment to allow for different body sizes
Which of the following personnel is responsible for overall facility management and is often responsible for assisting in the development of programs?
a. administrative assistant
b. front desk staff
c. facility operator or program director
d. CPT
c. facility operator or program director
What is the purpose of agreements, releases, and consent forms?
a. to inform the client of participation risks as well as the rights of the client and the facility
b. to inform the client what he or she can and cannot do in the facility
c. to define the relationship between the facility operator and the EP-C
d. to detail the rights and responsibilities of the club owner to reject an application by a prospective client
a. to inform the client of participation risks as well as the rights of the client and the facility
Which of the following is a possible medical emergency that a client can experience during an exercise session?
a. hypoglycemia
b. hypotension
c. hyperglycemia
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following muscle actions occurs when the muscle tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change?
a. concentric isotonic
b. eccentric isotonic
c. isokinetic
d. isometric
d. isometric
Which of the following activities provides the greatest improvement in aerobic fitness for someone who is beginning an exercise program?
a. weight training
b. downhill snow skiing
c. stretching
d. walking
d. walking
A source of intimal injury thought to initiate the process of atherogenesis is _____.
a. dyslipidemia
b. hypertension
c. turbulence of blood flow within the vessel
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
According to the ACSM, at what level is high-density lipoprotein (HDL) considered a risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
a. <200 mg/dL
b. <110 mg/dL
c. <60 mg/dL
d. <40 mg/dL
d. 40 mg/dL
From rest to maximal exercise, the SBP should ______ progressively with an increasing workload
a. increase
b. decrease
c. stay the same
d. decrease with isometric or increase with isotonic contractions
a. increase
Fitness assessment is an important aspect of the training program because it provides information for which of the following?
a. developing the Ex Rx
b. evaluating proper nutritional choices
c. diagnosing musculoskeletal injury
d. developing appropriate billing categories
a. developing the Ex Rx
Which of the following is an example of how to progressively overload the muscular system via resistance training?
a. increasing amount of resistance lifted
b. performing more sets per muscle group
c. increasing days per week the muscle groups are trained
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Exercise adherence is increased when _____.
a. there is a social and health care provider support for the individual
b. a regular schedule of exercise is established
c. muscle soreness and injury are minimal
d. individualized attainable goals and objectives are identified
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following is a change seen as a result of regular aerobic exercise?
a. decreased HR at rest
b. increased stroke volume at rest
c. no change for cardiac output at rest
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
While assessing the behavioral changes associated with an exercise program, which of the following would be categorized under the cognitive process of the transtheoretical model?
a. stimulus control
b. reinforcement management
c. self-reevaluation
d. self-liberation
c. self-reevaluation
A measure of muscular endurance is ____.
a. 1-RM
b. 3-RM
c. number of curl ups in 1 min
d. number of curl ups in 3 min
c. number of curl ups in 1 min
Following an acute musculoskeletal injury, the appropriate action calls for stabilization of the area and incorporating the RICES treatment method. RICES is an acronym for which of the following?
a. recovery, ibuprofen, compression, education, stabilization
b. rest and ice, care for injury, support
c. rest, ice, compression, elevation, and stabilization
d. rotate, ice, care, evaluate, support
c. rest, ice, compression, elevation, and stabilization
Implementation of emergency procedures must include the fitness center’s _____.
a. management
b. staff
c. clients
d. management and staff
d. management and staff
Which of the following will increase stability?
a. lowering center of gravity
b. raising center of gravity
c. decreasing base of support
d. moving center of gravity farther from the edge of the base of support
a. lowering center of gravity
During aerobic exercise, which of the following responses would not be considered normal in individuals without CVD?
a. increased SBP
b. increased pulse pressure
c. increased mean arterial pressure
d. increased DBP
d. increased DBP
An exercise program for elderly persons generally should emphasize increased ______.
a. frequency
b. intensity
c. duration
d. intensity and frequency
a. frequency
The loss of elasticity (or “hardening”) of the arteries is known as ____.
a. atherosclerosis
b. arteriosclerosis
c. atheroma
d. adventitia
b. arteriosclerosis
Which of the following assumes that a person will adopt appropriate health behaviors if he or she feels the consequences are severe and feel personally vulnerable?
a. learning theories
b. health belief model
c. transtheoretical model
d. stages of motivation readiness
b. health belief model
Generally, low-fit or sedentary persons may benefit from _____.
a. shorter duration, higher intensity, and higher frequency of exercise
b. longer duration, higher intensity, and higher frequency of exercise
c. shorter duration, lower intensity, and higher frequency of exercise
d. shorter duration, higher intensity, and lower frequency of exercise
c. shorter duration, lower intensity, and higher frequency of exercise
In commercial settings, clients should be more extensively screened for potential health risks. The information solicited should include which of the following?
a. personal medical history
b. present medical status
c. medication
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
What is the planning tool that addresses the organization’s short- and long-term goals; identifies the steps needed to achieve the goals; and gives the timeline, priority, and allocation of resources to each goals?
a. financial plan
b. strategic plan
c. risk management plan
d. marketing plan
b. strategic plan
When periodizing training for a marathon runner (26.2 mi) who is doing a long run each Sunday, which is appropriate? Each sunday run should _____.
a. be the same distance at about 20-22 mi
b. gradually increase in distance weekly with a slightly lower distance sunday every 4th week or so
c. gradually increase distance every week by 10%
d. rapidly increase distance weekly then avoid all long runs the last 2 months
b. gradually increase in distance weekly with a slightly lower distance sunday every 4th week or so
In prevention of osteoporosis, it is important to regularly perform what kind of exercise?
a. only chair exercises
b. aquatic exercises only
c. stationary cycling only
d. all modes of weight bearing exercise
d. all modes of weight bearing exercise
Both the Karvonen (HRR) and the direct HR max formulas of calculating target heart rate (THR) begin subtracting variables from a set number. what is this first number used in both formulas?
a. estimated HR max
b. maximal SBP
c. body weight
d. gender
a. estimated HR max
Which grouping lists the three training principles that you need to consider when prescribing exercise for individuals?
a. overload, intensity, progression
b. frequency, intensity, duratoin
c. specificity, overload, redundancy
d. overload, specificity, progression
d. overload, specificity, progression
If you want your client to exercise at 55% to 70% of her HR max in today’s workout and she is 24 yrs old and does not know her observed HR max, what HR should she be using today?
a. 97-123 bpm
b. 108-137 bpm
c. 110-140 bpm
d. 121-154 bpm
b. 108-137 bpm
Which of the following types of muscle stretching can cause residual muscle soreness, is time-consuming, and typically requires a partner?
a. static
b. ballistic
c. PNF
d. all of the above
c. PNF
Identify the appropriate subjective self-evaluation tool used as a quick health screening before beginning my exercise program?
a. physical activity readiness questionnaire + (PAR-Q +)
b. Health status questionnaire (HSQ)
c. exercise electrocardiogram (E-ECG)
d. RPE-Borg scale (RPE)
a. physical activity readiness questionnaire + (PAR-Q +)
After completing an examination of your client’s health screening documents and the prior physiological resting measurements that were recorded, you decide to proceed with a single session of fitness assessments. Identify the recommended order of administration.
a. body comp, flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscular fitness
b. flexibility, body comp, muscular fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness
c. flexibility, cardiorespiratory fitness, body comp and muscular fitness
d. body comp, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility
d. body comp, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility
When participating in exercise at high altitudes, HR will _____ at the same RPE as compared to when exercising at sea level
a. be lower
b. have no relation and cannot be monitored
c. be higher
d. remain the same
c. be higher
considering the following list of activities, which are considered activities of daily living?
a. walking (transferring)
b. singing
c. lifting extremely heavy items
d. reading and writing
a. walking (transferring)
Which of the following exercises should be avoided after the first trimester for a pregnant woman?
a. upright exercises such as walking on an outdoor track
b. sitting exercises such as semi recumbent cycling
c. prone position exercises
d. supine position exercises
d. supine position exercises
