EXERCISE NO. 6

Question 1

Title

Answer 1

Reflex Physiology

Question 2

is a rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus.

Answer 2

reflex

Question 3

is an involuntary and automatic response that occurs in response to a specific stimulus. These responses are typically rapid and are mediated by the nervous system. It serves to protect the body as they enable quick reactions to potentially harmful situations without the need for conscious thought and decision making. Thus, leading and maintaining to homeostasis.

Answer 3

reflexes

Question 4

Reflexes may be __________ or _________ and involve only __________ and ________ but may involve higher brain centers as well.

Answer 4

inborn (intrinsic) and learned (acquired);
peripheral nerves and spinal cord

Question 5

are motor responses that involve the striated muscles of the skeletal system

Answer 5

somatic reflexes

Question 6

are a type of reflex that involves the contraction of skeletal muscle. These reflexes are responsible for controlling voluntary movements and maintaining posture. They are typically mediated by the SNS (_____), which includes motor neurons that control skeletal muscles. They help protect the body from injury by allowing rapid, automatic responses to external stimuli and play a crucial role in body’s balance, coordination, and overall control over voluntary movements.

Answer 6

Somatic Reflexes
Somatic Nervous System

Question 7

are motor responses that involve the smooth muscle of organs, glands, and the vascular system

Answer 7

autonomic reflexes

Question 8

are a type of reflex that involve the ANS (_____) and control involuntary physiological processes in the body. It regulates the activities of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands. These play crucial role in maintaining the body’s internal environment such as blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation, and they occur without conscious control.

Answer 8

Autonomic Reflexes
Autonomic Nervous System

Question 9

system that is commonly attributed with managing voluntary, directed motor responses

Answer 9

somatic system

Question 10

system that is commonly attributed with managing involuntary, non-directed motor responses

Answer 10

autonomic system

Question 11

system that also manages number of involuntary, non-directed reflexes involving the muscular skeletal system such as salivation

Answer 11

somatic system

Question 12

• governs the operation of reflexes
• is a neural pathway that controls a reflex action. It consists of a series of organized neural elements that work together to enable a rapid and involuntary response to a specific stimulus

Answer 12

reflex arc

Question 13

The __________, as defined by Sir ______________ in the early 1900s, provides the simplest physiological explanation of how reflexive activity in the body works.

Answer 13

reflex arc;
Charles Sherrington

Question 14

Five reflex arc components

Answer 14

1. receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. integration center
4. motor neuron
5. effector

Question 15

reacts to a stimulus

Answer 15

receptor

Question 16

conducts the afferent impulses to the CNS

Answer 16

sensory neuron

Question 17

consisting of one or more synapses in the CNS

Answer 17

integration center

Question 18

conducts the efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ

Answer 18

motor neuron

Question 19

__________, ___________ or ____________ that then respond to the efferent impulses by contracting or secreting a product, respectively

Answer 19

effector, muscle fiber or glands

Question 20

Reflexes can be classified as (4)

Answer 20

• development: innate or acquired reflexes
• response: somatic or autonomic (visceral)
• complexity of circuit: monosynaptic or polysynaptic
• processing site: spinal or cranial reflexes

Question 21

classification of reflex (based on experiment)

Answer 21

• development: innate
• response: somatic
• complexity of circuit: polysynaptic
• processing site: spinal cord reflexes

Question 22

chemical used to test the reflex

Answer 22

10% HCl

Question 23

What part is removed during decerebration of the frog? which organ is out of action? and which organ is still alive?

Answer 23

cranium;
brain;
spinal cord

Question 24

what organ is removed to block the sensory part?

Answer 24

skin

Question 25

nerve between the frog’s thigh muscles that block the motor component

Answer 25

sciatic nerve

Question 26

evolutionary significance of importance of somatic reflexes

Answer 26

Somatic reflexes, such as the withdrawal reflex, are evolutionarily significant as they provide rapid, automatic responses to potential threats, helping organisms avoid harm or injury. These reflexes have been shaped by natural selection to enhance survival by enabling quick and protective reactions to external stimuli, contributing to an organism’s fitness and safety.

Question 27

give example of events where autonomic reflexes are important

Answer 27

Autonomic reflexes are crucial for regulating involuntary bodily functions. One important example is the pupillary light reflex, where the autonomic nervous system controls the size of the pupils in response to changes in light intensity, protecting the eyes from excessive light and ensuring optimal vision. These reflexes help maintain homeostasis and adapt the body to varying environmental conditions, contributing to overall physiological balance and well-being.

Question 28

What is a synapse

Answer 28

A synapse is a specialized junction between two nerve cells or a nerve cell and an effector cell (e.g., muscle or gland cell) where information is transmitted. Neurotransmitters released from one cell’s axon terminal travel across the synapse to influence the electrical activity in the target cell, enabling communication in the nervous system.