EXERCISE NO. 5 (A and B)

Question 1

Sensory receptors are not uniformly distributed throughout the body but are absent, or few in number in some areas while densely clustered in other locations, this pattern of uneven distribution is called __________.

Answer 1

punctuate distribution

Question 2

stimuli are listed according to types or modalities (5)

Answer 2

light
heat
sound
pressure
specific chemicals

Question 3

are the receiving unit of the body that respond to stimuli. They transform the stimuli to neural signs that are transmitted by sensory nerves and neural tracts to the brain which interprets the message.

Answer 3

receptors

Question 4

Receptors are sensitive to specific stimuli and can be classified according to the stimulus they receive. The human body has the following receptors: (7)

Answer 4

• photoreceptors
• thermoreceptors
• proprioreceptors
• pain receptors or nociceptors
• mechanoreceptors
• baroreceptors
• chemoreceptors

Question 5

receptors that detect light for the eye

Answer 5

photoreceptors

Question 6

receptors located in the skin, which detect changes in temperature

Answer 6

thermoreceptors

Question 7

receptors that detect changes in tension such as those in joints

Answer 7

proprioreceptors

Question 8

receptors present as naked nerve endings in the skin or stomach

Answer 8

pain receptors or nociceptors

Question 9

receptors that perceive mechanical stimuli (due to physical change) such as touch receptors or receptors that determine hearing or equilibrium in the ear

Answer 9

mechanoreceptors

Question 10

receptors which respond to changes in pressure such as blood pressure

Answer 10

barorececptors

Question 11

receptors which respond to changes in the chemical environment

Answer 11

chemoreceptors

Question 12

receptors tested in part A

Answer 12

skin/cutaneous receptors

Question 13

receptors that are sensitive to temperature changes are called

Answer 13

Thermoreceptors (the body has both warm and cold thermoreceptors)

Question 14

higher density of _______ nerve endings, called ________ at the palm

Answer 14

warm-sensitive nerve endings: TRPV1 channels

Question 15

higher density of _______ nerve endings, called ________ at the forearm (anterior)

Answer 15

cold-sensitive nerve endings: TRPM8 channels

Question 16

fine-receptors are of two types

Answer 16

Meissner’s corpuscle and Merkel discs

Question 17

Both the forearm and the lateral surface of the arm have the ability to perceive fine touch. However, the ________ is more sensitive to fine touch than the lateral surface of the arm due to its higher density of Meissner’s corpuscles and Merkel discs.

Answer 17

forearm

Question 18

are specialized nerve endings that are responsible for detecting light touch, texture, and vibration.

Answer 18

fine-receptors

Question 19

True or False

The high density of these fine-receptors in the forearm allows us to detect small changes in pressure and texture, which is important for holding and grasping objects.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

two types of receptors:

• _____ - constantly perceive stimuli, they maintain a continuous response.
• _____ - adapt to a stimuli, leading to a diminished response over time.

Answer 20

• tonic receptors
• phasic receptors

Question 21

list in ascending order in terms of the proprioreceptive ability of forearm, fingertip (index), palm, dorsal of hands, lips

Answer 21

• Index fingertip
• Dorsal of the hand
• Palm
• Forearm
• Lips

Question 22

is like your body’s internal GPS. It helps you know where your body parts are and how they’re moving, even when you’re not looking at them.

Answer 22

proprioreception

Question 23

is the perception of pain in one area of the body when the pain is actually somewhere else. an example of this is the pain left in the left shoulder and arm when a person is suffering from a heart attack or chest pain.

Answer 23

referred pain

Question 24

both taste and smell are examples of _____________, where specific chemical compounds are detected by the sense organ and are interpreted by various regions of the brain

Answer 24

chemoreception

Question 25

is perceived predominantly by the taste buds in the tongue, although, there are also receptors in the soft palate and pharynx.

Answer 25

sense of taste or gestation

Question 26

originates when particles stimulate hair cells in the olfactory epithelium and is transmitted by the olfactory nerves

Answer 26

sense of smell or olfactory

Question 27

Why can’t you determine taste with a dry tongue?

Answer 27

• Saliva contains enzymes that begin the process of breaking down food, making it easier for taste buds to detect various flavors.
• Moreover, saliva acts as a solvent for certain compounds, helping to release flavors from food and making them accessible to taste receptors.

Question 28

mapping the tongue for taste receptors

Answer 28

While taste receptors are distributed throughout the tongue, different areas may have varying concentrations of taste buds that are more sensitive to certain tastes. However, the entire tongue is capable of detecting all tastes.

Question 29

Gustatory Mechanism

Answer 29

WATCH BIDYO NLNG

Question 30

Olfactory Mechanism

Answer 30

• olfactory bulb has neuron and sensory nerve
• sensory nerve fiber extends to the olfactory epithelium where odor molecules bind with the hair cells present
• One odorant can bind/activate several receptors.

Question 31

what part of CNS is responsible in olfactory mechanism (2)

Answer 31

• frontal cortex - consciously identified smells
• limbic system - emotional pathway; fight or flight

Unlike the other sensory systems, the sense of smell does not pass through the thalamus to be routed to the cortex. Odor information is relayed directly to the limbic system.