Exercise benefits vs Risks

Question 1

What is the level of evidence published on the positive effect of exercise on:

• dyslipidaemia
• Insulin resistance
• hypertension
• obesity

Answer 1

• dyslipidaemia: moderate to strong evidence
• Insulin resistance: strong evidence
• hypertension: strong evidence
• obesity: strong evidence

Question 2

what is the effect of exercise on GLUT-4 expression in type 2 diabetes patients?

Answer 2

Increase GLUT-4 in adipose tissue significantly.

Exercise trains your muscle AND your fat!

Question 3

what effect does exercise have on muscle insulin sensitivity? why important?

Answer 3

makes muscles more insulin sensitive. thus more glucose gets turned into glycogen than goes into liver and fat.

in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome, excess glucose uptake overwhelms the liver (NASH).

Question 4

effect of exercise on abdominal circumference? (measures of central obesity)

Answer 4

reduces linearly with increased intensity of exercise

Question 5

what is postulated to be the mediator of all the systemic and autocrine effects of exercise?

Answer 5

myokines released from contracting muscle. counterracts CV and metabolic diseases and adipokines.

Question 6

which myokine is predominantly associated with the effects?

whats the dynamic effect accross different intensity levels of exrrcise?

Answer 6

IL-6 increases in absence of other cytokines with exercise.

protective/anti inflammatory effect with moderate exercise. in highly trained athletes it has a bad immunosuppressive effect (increase incidence of URTI’s)

Question 7

what is the mechanism by which exercise can lead to an increase in CV events?

Answer 7

Acute exercise stress:
causes hyperkalaemia and increased catecholamine release—>Na/K imbalance—>myocardial irritability—>increased ventricular ectopic activity

Immediately post exercise:
abrupt cessation of activity–>decreased venous return—>decreased cardiac output–>decreased blood pressure–>decreased coronary perfusion–>altered depolarization/repolarization–>increased ventricular ectopic activity

Question 8

what is the effect of exercise on sudden and on sudden death?

Answer 8

increased risk of sudden death but protective effect on non sudden death.

Question 9

what is effect of exercise on all cause mortality and incidence of injury?

Answer 9

decrease in all cause mortality

increased incidence in injuries due to falls, etc