Exercise and Sport Science Flashcards
Skeletal functions
Bones are very strong and help protect vital organs. Provide shape and support.
Muscles attach to bones by
Tendons
Bones attach to bones by
Ligament
Cartilage
Strong, flexible connective tissue.
Blood Production
Bones produce red and white blood cells in the bone marrow of major bones.
How many bones in the human body?
206
How many bones in the human foot?
26
What is the longest and strongest bone in the human skeleton?
The femur, located in the thigh.
What are the parts inside of a bone?
Bone Marrow, blood vessels, compact bone, bone end, spongy bone.
4 Types of bones
Long bone, Short bone, Flat bone, Irregular bone.
Long bone
Longer than they are wide and have strong dense and strength for structure and mobility.
E.g. humerus, radius, ulna, femur.
Short bone
Provide large quantities of bone marrow, primarily designed to give support and stability to the body.
E.g. bones in the wrist including the trapezoid.
Flat bone
Generally strong and provide protection, allowing muscles to attach to them.
e.g. cranium (skull), rib cage.
Irregular bone
Remaining bones that do not classify as other bone types. Serve various purposes.
E.g. vertebrae which make up the spine.
5 Types of joints
Synovial, pivot, hinge, ball and socket, condyloid.
What is a joint?
Joints are where two or more bones meet.
Synovial joints
Most moving joints are synovial joints.
Pivot joint
one bone rotates freely around the other.
Hinge joint
The two movements possible are flexion and extension. A hinge joint is a common class of synovial joint.
Ball and socket joint
A joint in which a ball moves within a socket. This type of joint allows rotary motion in every direction within certain limits.
Condyloid joint
Very delicate areas (wrist, palm, fingers)
10 Joint movements
Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, pronation, supination.
Flexion
Decreasing the angle at a joint, bending of a joint
Extension
increasing the angle at a joint, straightening of a limb at a joint
Adduction
Moving towards the centre of the body
Abduction
Moving away from the centre of the body
Rotation
Moving on a limb from side to side in either direction (swivelling)
Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction.
Pronation
The forearm pronation is the movement of turning the palm over to face downwards
Supination
The opposite movement of pronation, turning the palm up of forwards.
Plantar flexion
Extension of the ankle, pointing of the toes
Dorsiflexion
Flexion of the foot in an upward direction towards shin
4 types of muscles
Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal, Fixator
What is the Cranium and where is it located
The skull, located in the head.
What is the Cervical Vertebrae and where is it located
In the neck.
What is the Sternum and where is it located
Located at the front of the chest, connects to the ribs.
What is the Clavicle and where is it located
Collar bone, located in the shoulders
What is the Scapula and where is it located
Shoulder blade, located in the shoulders
What is the Humerus and where is it located
A long bone which goes from your shoulder to your funny bone (elbow)
What is the Ribs and where is it located
Ribs, located in the chest, provide protection for vital organs.
What is the Ulna and where is it located
The ulna is a long bone, located on the inside of the lower arm.
What is the Lumbar vertebrae and where is it located
5 vertebrae in the lower spine.
What is the Radius and where is it located
The radius is a long bone, located on the outside of the lower arm (radiating out with the thumb)
What is the ilium and where is it located
The ilium is the largest bone of the hip.
What is the Carpals and where is it located
The carpals are the bones that make up the wrist.
What is the Metacarpals and where is it located
5 bones located in the palm
What is the Phalanges and where is it located
fingers and toes.
What is the ischium and where is it located
Located in the lower and back part of the hip bone.
What is the femur and where is it located
The longest and strongest bone in the body located in the thigh.
What is the Sacrum and where is it located
Triangular bone at the base of the spine.
What is the Patella and where is it located
The kneecap.
What is the Tibia and where is it located
The ‘shinbone’ is the larger and stronger of the two long bones located below the knee.
What is the Fibula and where is it located
The calf bone is the thinner of the two bones located below the knee.
What is the Tarsals and where is it located
Like carpals, but at the ankle. cluster of seven bones.
What is the Metatarsals and where is it located
Like metacarpals, a group of 5 long bones in the foot connecting the phalanges and tarsals.
