exercise and breathing rates (+osmosis)

Question 1

lower pH = … affinity

Answer 1

lower affinity - oxygen less easily loaded but more easily released ∴ oxygen more easily released at respiring tissues ∴ more active the tissue, the more oxygen unloaded

Question 2

higher pH = … affinity

Answer 2

higher affinity - oxygen more easily loaded

Question 3

effect of increasing CO2 conc on oxygen affinity

Answer 3

makes it lower as more CO2 increases acidity of blood, causing haemoglobin to change shape

Question 4

the further right the oxygen dissociation curve…

Answer 4

the lower the oxygen affinity

Question 5

the further left the oxygen dissociation curve…

Answer 5

the higher the oxygen affinity

Question 6

explain shape of oxygen dissociation curve

Answer 6

• shape of molecule makes it different for first oxygen to bind to a site as they are closely united ∴ low oxygen partial pressure, little oxygen binds on ∴ gradient of curve = shallow
• binding of first molecule changed quaternary structure, causing shape to change, making easier for oxygen to bind ∴ requires smaller increase in partial pressure to get 2nd O2 to bind then 1st O2 ∴ gradient increases
• after binding of 3rd molecule, although theoretically should be easier due to changing of quaternary structure, ore difficult as probability of collisions reduced as most binding sites occupied ∴ gradient flattens again

Question 7

low affinity for oxygen

Answer 7

takes up less easily but releases more easily

Question 8

high affinity for oxygen

Answer 8

takes up easily but releases less easily

Question 9

eq. pulmonary ventilation

Answer 9

PV = TV (vital capacity) x BR (breathing rate)

Question 10

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 10

air into the lungs per minute

Question 11

tidal volume

Answer 11

amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

Question 12

Fick’s law

Answer 12

rate of diffusion = (SA x conc. gradient) /diffusion pathway

Question 13

osmosis

Answer 13

passage of water from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 14

solute

Answer 14

any substance dissolved in solvent

Question 15

under standard conditions (…) wp = …

Answer 15

298k + 100kPa

Question 16

explanation of osmosis

Answer 16

• difference in conc of solute molecules either side of selectively permeable membrane
• solute and H20 molecules in random motion due to kinetic energy
• membrane only allows H2O molecules through and not solutes
• H2O diffuses across membrane, down WP gradient
• at point where WP on both sides of membrane is the same = dynamic eq, no net movement of H2O

Question 17

haemolysis

Answer 17

red blood cells burst due to water content inside