exercise 9 Flashcards by Arnthea Samantha Marie Gasta

capacity of life to give rise to a new life

reproduction

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modes of reproduction

asexual and sexual

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uniparental; no gametes are involved

asexual reproduction

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undergoes mitosis

asexual reproduction

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progenies are identical or clones of the parents; stability of characters and rapid increase in population

asexual reproduction

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ex. of plant that undergoes asexual reproduction

kalanchoe pinnata

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undergoes meiosis

sexual reproduction

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meiosis halves the number of chromosomes and causes variation through:

-recombination
-independent assortment
-segregation of genes

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two major processes of sexual reproduction

-meiosis
-fertilization/syngamy

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process where haploid gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

fertilization/syngamy

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progressive and cumulative changes that proceed over an organism’s life history

development

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immediate product of fertilization; diploid cell

zygote

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fusion/exchange of genetic material; happens when fertilization is absent

conjugation

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what does conjugation form?

diploid zygospore

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what are the major aspects of development?

-growth
-differentiation
-morphogenesis

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increase in number of cells because of successive mitotic divisions and cell enlargement

growth

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morphological and physiological changes in the cell; transforms meristematic into mature/adult form; associated with cell, tissue, or organ specialization

differentiation

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progressive formation of a three dimensional shape or pattern that is characteristic of a species

morphogenesis

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monocot flower

rice

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dicot flower

gumamela (hibiscus rosa-sinensis)

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gumamela

hibiscus rosa-sinensis

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widely exhibited in bacteria, protists, plants, and lower forms of animals

asexual reproduction

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modified fission wherein a new individual is derived from an outgrowth of the parent

budding

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breaking up of a filament to give rise to segments that can produce new individuals; often occurs at weak points or next to a heterocyst

fragmentation

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enlarged, thick-walled cell that can fix molecular nitrogen

heterocyst

reproduction of minute propagative cells called spores (meiospores)

sporulation

gemmae are formed within gemmae cups on the surface of the plant and develop into new plants when dispersed

gemmation

small clumps of undifferentiated cells

gemmae

cup shaped organs

gemmae cups

may produce new plants from modified stems and leaves

vegetative reproduction

types of asexual reproduction

-budding =fragmentation -sporulation -gemmation -vegetative reproduction

artificial methods

-cutting -layering -micropropagation

reproductive life cycle phases

-sporophyte -gametophyte

produces spores through mitosis

sporophyte

produces gametes through meiosis; site of sporogenesis, gametogenesis, pollination, double fertilization

gametophyte

formation of spores

sporogenesis

where are male spores (microspores) located

stamen (microsporophyll)

where are female spores (megaspores) located

carpel/pistil (megasporophyll)

formation of gametophytes

gametogenesis

male gametophyte

pollen grain

female gametophyte

mature embryo sac

what is pollination

transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a plant to the stigma of another plant and is aided by agents since gametes are non motile

agents

wind, water, animals

what is double fertiization

fusion of one sperm cell and one egg cell to form a diploid zygote and fusion of another sperm cell and two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm

wind pollinated

anemophilous

insect pollinated

entomophilous

concerned with sporogenesis and gametogenesis

essential/reproductive structures

reproductive structures of a flower

stamen and pistil

do not participate in spore production

sterile/accessory structures

accessory structures of a flower

-petals -calyx perianth -peduncle -pedicels -receptacle

collective form of petals

corolla

collective form of sepals; produce chemicals that ward off predators

calyx

composed of corolla and calyx

perianth

stalk that bears a cluster of flowers

peduncle

individual stalk; supports the flower

pedicels

all floral parts are attached to it

receptacle

protective structure that contains sperm cells

pollen grain

will grow down the style to the ovary

pollen tube

sticky platform

stigma

stamen is composed of:

anther, filament

carpel is composed of:

stigma, style, ovary

where does double fertilization take place?

ovary

opening of the ovule

micropyle

where cells divide through meiosis

ovule

what does the ovule produce

1 egg, 2 polar nuclei

explain double fertilization

once the pollen tube reaches the micropyle(opening of the ovule), it releases two haploid sperm cells. one sperm cell fuses with one egg cell to form a diploid zygote. another sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm. the diploid zygote will divide to produce and embryo while the endosperm will nourish it.

what happens to the rest of the surrounding ovule after double fertilization?

develops into a protective seed coat

a seed consists of:

-external seed coat -internal structures (embryo, endosperm)

usually develops from the ovary tissue to provide additional protection

fruit

stages of plant development

-fertilization up to seed maturation -seed germination up to plant maturation

types of plant development

-determinate (close) -indeterminate (open)

grows to a certain size and stops, eventually undergoing sensescence and death

determinate

parts of plant that has determinate development

leaves, flowers, fruits

presence of meristematic tissues in the mature plant; continuous development

indeterminate development

parts of plant with indeterminate development

root, shoot meristems

influence plant growth

plant growth regulators

-auxins -gibberellins -cytokinins -inhibitors -ethylene

what seeds were used to examine the morphology of a dicot plant?

-baguio/kentucky beans -sitaw

baguio;/kentucky beans

phaseolus vulgaris

sitaw

vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis

peculiar scar at the center; point of attachment to the funiculus; (dicot seed)

hilium

small pore or opening beside the hilium (dicot seed)

micropyle

opposite the micropyle; ridge-like structure formed by the part of the funiculus that is adnate to the ovule (dicot seed); channel for nutrient transportation

raphe

two fleshy structures (dicot seed)

cotyledons

small leaf-like structure that is connected to the hypocotyl (dicot seed); harbors delicate beginnings of future leaves and stems

plumule

stem-like structure connected to the plumule and attached to the radicle; center

hypocotyl

root-like projection attached to the hypocotyl; where tip of hypocotyl lies

radicle

parts of a dicot seed

-hilium -micropyle -raphe -cotyledons -plumule -hypocotyl -radicle

monocot seed

zea mays

yellow portion; bulk of the seed (monocot)

endosperm

light colored; base (monocot seed); holds genetic imprint

embryo

inactive stage when seeds form

dormancy

what happens once dormancy is broken

seed germinates

seed germination is a result of the following:

-imbibition of water through micropyle -increased metabolic rate -assimilation and respiration -active cell division and growth -rupture of the seed coat -sprouting of the embryo

what are the types of germination based off of

position of seed leaves (cotyledons) during the emergence of the embryo

types of germination

epigeal and hypogeal

type of germination wherein cotyledons emerge from the ground and undergo photosynthesis that provides food until true leaves are formed

epigeal

cotyledons remain below the ground because of substantial food reserves in the seed

hypogeal

types of plant growth

primary and secondary

plant growth that is a result of cell division in apical meristems found in shoots and roots; growth in length

primary growth

growth in width (thickness); result from the production of new cells by lateral meristems

secondary growth (secpndary tissues)

lateral meristems

vascular cambium; cork cambium

visible growth layers formed by primary xylems; formed when tree trunks increase its diameter

rings

how are the ages of trees determined?

estimated by counting the number of rings

accompanied by the formation of reproductive organs which enable plants to propagate

maturation of plants

protective layer of a dicot seed

testa

mung bean

vigna radiata

stages of development of a gumamela

-immature stage -bud stage -anthesis stage -final anthesis stage -senescence stage -flower separates from plant

this leads to flower development

subsequent mitosis

generate microspores and megaspores

heterosporous

exercise 9 Flashcards

(110 cards)