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bio lab > exercise 9 > Flashcards

exercise 9 Flashcards

1
Q

capacity of life to give rise to a new life

A

reproduction

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2
Q

modes of reproduction

A

asexual and sexual

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3
Q

uniparental; no gametes are involved

A

asexual reproduction

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4
Q

undergoes mitosis

A

asexual reproduction

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5
Q

progenies are identical or clones of the parents; stability of characters and rapid increase in population

A

asexual reproduction

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6
Q

ex. of plant that undergoes asexual reproduction

A

kalanchoe pinnata

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7
Q

undergoes meiosis

A

sexual reproduction

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8
Q

meiosis halves the number of chromosomes and causes variation through:

A

-recombination
-independent assortment
-segregation of genes

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9
Q

two major processes of sexual reproduction

A

-meiosis
-fertilization/syngamy

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10
Q

process where haploid gametes fuse to form diploid zygote

A

fertilization/syngamy

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11
Q

progressive and cumulative changes that proceed over an organism’s life history

A

development

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12
Q

immediate product of fertilization; diploid cell

A

zygote

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13
Q

fusion/exchange of genetic material; happens when fertilization is absent

A

conjugation

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14
Q

what does conjugation form?

A

diploid zygospore

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15
Q

what are the major aspects of development?

A

-growth
-differentiation
-morphogenesis

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16
Q

increase in number of cells because of successive mitotic divisions and cell enlargement

A

growth

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17
Q

morphological and physiological changes in the cell; transforms meristematic into mature/adult form; associated with cell, tissue, or organ specialization

A

differentiation

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18
Q

progressive formation of a three dimensional shape or pattern that is characteristic of a species

A

morphogenesis

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19
Q

monocot flower

A

rice

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20
Q

dicot flower

A

gumamela (hibiscus rosa-sinensis)

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21
Q

gumamela

A

hibiscus rosa-sinensis

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22
Q

widely exhibited in bacteria, protists, plants, and lower forms of animals

A

asexual reproduction

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23
Q

modified fission wherein a new individual is derived from an outgrowth of the parent

A

budding

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24
Q

breaking up of a filament to give rise to segments that can produce new individuals; often occurs at weak points or next to a heterocyst

A

fragmentation

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25
Q

enlarged, thick-walled cell that can fix molecular nitrogen

A

heterocyst

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26
Q

reproduction of minute propagative cells called spores (meiospores)

A

sporulation

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27
Q

gemmae are formed within gemmae cups on the surface of the plant and develop into new plants when dispersed

A

gemmation

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28
Q

small clumps of undifferentiated cells

A

gemmae

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29
Q

cup shaped organs

A

gemmae cups

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30
Q

may produce new plants from modified stems and leaves

A

vegetative reproduction

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31
Q

types of asexual reproduction

A

-budding
=fragmentation
-sporulation
-gemmation
-vegetative reproduction

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32
Q

artificial methods

A

-cutting
-layering
-micropropagation

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33
Q

reproductive life cycle phases

A

-sporophyte
-gametophyte

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34
Q

produces spores through mitosis

A

sporophyte

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35
Q

produces gametes through meiosis; site of sporogenesis, gametogenesis, pollination, double fertilization

A

gametophyte

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36
Q

formation of spores

A

sporogenesis

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37
Q

where are male spores (microspores) located

A

stamen (microsporophyll)

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38
Q

where are female spores (megaspores) located

A

carpel/pistil (megasporophyll)

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39
Q

formation of gametophytes

A

gametogenesis

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40
Q

male gametophyte

A

pollen grain

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41
Q

female gametophyte

A

mature embryo sac

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42
Q

what is pollination

A

transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a plant to the stigma of another plant and is aided by agents since gametes are non motile

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43
Q

agents

A

wind, water, animals

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44
Q

what is double fertiization

A

fusion of one sperm cell and one egg cell to form a diploid zygote and fusion of another sperm cell and two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm

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45
Q

wind pollinated

A

anemophilous

46
Q

insect pollinated

A

entomophilous

47
Q

concerned with sporogenesis and gametogenesis

A

essential/reproductive structures

48
Q

reproductive structures of a flower

A

stamen and pistil

49
Q

do not participate in spore production

A

sterile/accessory structures

50
Q

accessory structures of a flower

A

-petals
-calyx
perianth
-peduncle
-pedicels
-receptacle

51
Q

collective form of petals

52
Q

collective form of sepals; produce chemicals that ward off predators

53
Q

composed of corolla and calyx

54
Q

stalk that bears a cluster of flowers

55
Q

individual stalk; supports the flower

56
Q

all floral parts are attached to it

A

receptacle

57
Q

protective structure that contains sperm cells

A

pollen grain

58
Q

will grow down the style to the ovary

A

pollen tube

59
Q

sticky platform

60
Q

stamen is composed of:

A

anther, filament

61
Q

carpel is composed of:

A

stigma, style, ovary

62
Q

where does double fertilization take place?

63
Q

opening of the ovule

64
Q

where cells divide through meiosis

65
Q

what does the ovule produce

A

1 egg, 2 polar nuclei

66
Q

explain double fertilization

A

once the pollen tube reaches the micropyle(opening of the ovule), it releases two haploid sperm cells. one sperm cell fuses with one egg cell to form a diploid zygote. another sperm cell fuses with two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm. the diploid zygote will divide to produce and embryo while the endosperm will nourish it.

67
Q

what happens to the rest of the surrounding ovule after double fertilization?

A

develops into a protective seed coat

68
Q

a seed consists of:

A

-external seed coat
-internal structures (embryo, endosperm)

69
Q

usually develops from the ovary tissue to provide additional protection

70
Q

stages of plant development

A

-fertilization up to seed maturation
-seed germination up to plant maturation

71
Q

types of plant development

A

-determinate (close)
-indeterminate (open)

72
Q

grows to a certain size and stops, eventually undergoing sensescence and death

A

determinate

73
Q

parts of plant that has determinate development

A

leaves, flowers, fruits

74
Q

presence of meristematic tissues in the mature plant; continuous development

A

indeterminate development

75
Q

parts of plant with indeterminate development

A

root, shoot meristems

76
Q

influence plant growth

A

plant growth regulators

76
Q

plant growth regulators

A

-auxins
-gibberellins
-cytokinins
-inhibitors
-ethylene

77
Q

what seeds were used to examine the morphology of a dicot plant?

A

-baguio/kentucky beans
-sitaw

78
Q

baguio;/kentucky beans

A

phaseolus vulgaris

79
Q

sitaw

A

vigna unguiculata sesquipedalis

80
Q

peculiar scar at the center; point of attachment to the funiculus; (dicot seed)

81
Q

small pore or opening beside the hilium (dicot seed)

82
Q

opposite the micropyle; ridge-like structure formed by the part of the funiculus that is adnate to the ovule (dicot seed); channel for nutrient transportation

83
Q

two fleshy structures (dicot seed)

A

cotyledons

84
Q

small leaf-like structure that is connected to the hypocotyl (dicot seed); harbors delicate beginnings of future leaves and stems

85
Q

stem-like structure connected to the plumule and attached to the radicle; center

86
Q

root-like projection attached to the hypocotyl; where tip of hypocotyl lies

87
Q

parts of a dicot seed

A

-hilium
-micropyle
-raphe
-cotyledons
-plumule
-hypocotyl
-radicle

88
Q

monocot seed

89
Q

yellow portion; bulk of the seed (monocot)

90
Q

light colored; base (monocot seed); holds genetic imprint

91
Q

inactive stage when seeds form

92
Q

what happens once dormancy is broken

A

seed germinates

93
Q

seed germination is a result of the following:

A

-imbibition of water through micropyle
-increased metabolic rate
-assimilation and respiration
-active cell division and growth
-rupture of the seed coat
-sprouting of the embryo

94
Q

what are the types of germination based off of

A

position of seed leaves (cotyledons) during the emergence of the embryo

95
Q

types of germination

A

epigeal and hypogeal

96
Q

type of germination wherein cotyledons emerge from the ground and undergo photosynthesis that provides food until true leaves are formed

97
Q

cotyledons remain below the ground because of substantial food reserves in the seed

98
Q

types of plant growth

A

primary and secondary

99
Q

plant growth that is a result of cell division in apical meristems found in shoots and roots; growth in length

A

primary growth

100
Q

growth in width (thickness); result from the production of new cells by lateral meristems

A

secondary growth (secpndary tissues)

101
Q

lateral meristems

A

vascular cambium; cork cambium

102
Q

visible growth layers formed by primary xylems; formed when tree trunks increase its diameter

103
Q

how are the ages of trees determined?

A

estimated by counting the number of rings

104
Q

accompanied by the formation of reproductive organs which enable plants to propagate

A

maturation of plants

105
Q

protective layer of a dicot seed

106
Q

mung bean

A

vigna radiata

107
Q

stages of development of a gumamela

A

-immature stage
-bud stage
-anthesis stage
-final anthesis stage
-senescence stage
-flower separates from plant

108
Q

this leads to flower development

A

subsequent mitosis

109
Q

generate microspores and megaspores

A

heterosporous

bio lab (3 decks)

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