Exercise 7 - Skeleton and Sheep Brain Flashcards
two major portions of a pig skull
cranial and facial
cranial portion of pig skull contains how many bones (humans?)
eight (also eight)
facial portion of pig skull contains how many bones (humans?)
nineteen (fourteen in humans)
four major bones of cranial region
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
facial portion contains
nasal bones, premaxilla, maxilla, mandible
dentary
the single bone comprising half of the mandible; some teeth found on this
mouth-related diagnostic feature of mammals
mandible composed of two halves, each half being a single bone called the dentary (in all other vertebrates with jaws, each half consists of several bones)
mammalian teeth are found where
exclusively on the dentary, premaxillary, and maxillary bones
zygomatic arch
cheekbone
lacrimal
facial bone
vomer
facial bone located along the midsagittal line of the skull
organ associated with vomer
vomeronasal organ- chemoreceptor for pheromones (Flehmen response utilizes this organ when curling upper lips and sniffing air, e.g. cats and horses)
foramina
holes in the bone of the skull; openings through which blood vessels and nerves enter and exit
foramen magnum
largest of the holes in the skull, runs through the occipital bone at the back of the skull, entrance for spinal cord
What bones comprise the skull?
cranial region (parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal, +4), facial region (maxilla, premaxilla, nasal bones, mandible, +15 [+10 in humans])
What is the function of the foramen magnum?
entrance for spinal cord
??How is a human mandible different from a cow’s?
visually all of our teeth are in one set (for cows, the incisors and canine teeth exist separately from the molars and premolars)
male vs female pelvic inlet (brim) of pelvis
female: wider, oval-shaped from side-to-side
male: more narrow and heart-shaped
male vs female pelvic outlet of pelvis
female: wider; ischial tuberosities are shorter, farther apart, and everted
male: more narrow; ischial tuberosities are longer, sharper, and point more medially
male vs female pubic arch of pelvis
female: >90º
male: <90º
male vs female ischial spine
female: points posteriorly
male: points medially
first seven vertebrae
cervical (neck) vertebrae
first two vertebrae
atlas and axis
atlas
articulates directly with the skull at the occipital condyles (as in humans)
mammals without these seven neck vertebrae
sloths and manatees
how to identify cervical vertebrae
lateral foramina where nerves, veins, and arteries pass through
hyoid bone (other name, location, what’s special about it; what it allows for)
lingual bone; anterior to the cervical vertebrae; only bone not articulated with another bone; our wide vocal range
what type of vertebrae follow cervical
thoracic
how many thoracic vertebrae (and humans?)
14-15 (12)
what does each thoracic vertebrae have attached
a pair of ribs
first ____ pairs of ribs join at the ____
seven; sternum
where do neck muscles attach to thoracic vertebrae
dorsal spinal processes
type of vertebrae following thoracic
lumbar
how many lumbar (humans?)
6-7 (humans 5)
point of attachment (on lumbar vertebrae) for the abdominal muscles which secure the body’s organs
lateral processes
type of vertebrae following lumbar
sacral
how many sacral (and humans?)
four (three)
what are sacral vertebrae attached to?
pelvic bone
type of vertebrae following sacral?
caudal/coccygeal
how many caudal vertebrae? (and humans?)
23 fused (3-5 fused)
caudal vertebrae compose what? (and in humans?)
tail (tailbone)
pigs have only this bone of the generally multi-boned pectoral girdle of vertebrates
scapula (shoulder blade)
completes pectoral girdle in humans and cats
clavicle (collarbone)
pig’s pelvic girdle is formed by what bones? (and humans?)
fused ilium, ischium, pubis (same)
order of vertebrae types
cervical –> thoracic –> lumbar –> sacral –> caudal/coccygeal
How do the atlas, axis, and skull articulate with each other?
The skull articulates directly on the atlas via its (the skull’s) occipital condyles. The atlas then articulates with the axis.
What bones are part of the pelvic girdle?
ilium, ischium, pubis
What bones are part of the pectoral girdle?
pigs: just scapula
humans/cats: scapula + clavicle
??How is a human spine different from a cow’s?
??
Which bone is not articulated with any other?
hyoid bone (lingual bone)
bones in arms/forelimbs, proximal to distal
humerus –> ulna –> radius (thumb side) –> 8 carpals –> 4 (5 in humans) metacarpals –> 12 phalanges (14 in humans)
bones in legs/hind limbs, proximal to distal
femur (thigh) –> patella (kneecap) –> fibula (external) –> tibia (shinbone) –> 7 tarsals –> 5 metatarsals –> 12 phalanges (14 in humans)
heel bone
calcaneus
because pigs walk on their toes, they are referred to as
unguligrades
because humans plant the sole of their foot on the ground, they are referred to as
plantigrade
What bones comprise the arm?
humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
What bones comprise the leg?
femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
??How do the bones of a human leg and cow leg differ with shape, position, and articulation?
shape: cow bones seem to be shorter and squatter
position: ??
articulation: ??
What major blood vessels supply blood to the clavicle? to the femur?
clavicle: subclavian arteries
femur: femoral arteries
components of central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
meninges
membranous covering of the brain
three membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord
meninge names from outside to inside
dura mater, archnoid, pia mater
What flows between the meninges?
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain
What does the CSF do?
cushions, provides buoyancy, and excretes waste products through a one-way flow system to the blood and endocrine medium for the brain
hydrocephaly results from
accumulation of CSF in the brain
what results from hydrocephaly?
increased pressure in the brain, pressing the cerebrum against the cranium
cerebrum
the anterior part of the brain that functions for thought, mental consciousness, reasoning, etc.
largest and most complex integration center of the brain
few mm thick outermost, convoluted, covering of gray matter of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
internal to cerebral cortex
white matter and subcortical gray matter – basal nuclei (brain) (basal ganglia - spinal cord)
basal nuclei are involved with
motor coordination
degeneration of cells that enter basal nuclei region may cause
Parkinson’s disease
four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
both hemispheres are able to
analyze sensory data, perform memory functions, learn new information, form thoughts and make decisions
left hemisphere is involved with
sequential analysis, i.e. systematic, logical interpretation of information, interpretation and production of symbolic information, language, mathematics, abstraction, and reasoning
right hemisphere is involved with
holistic functions like processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide a “holistic” picture of one’s environment. Coordinates visual spatial skills, skills like the ones involved in activities such as dancing and gymnastics.
corpus callosum
connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum
thick band of communication fibers that connect or rather wire the left and right cerebral hemispheres (severing leads to split brain syndrome)
cerebellum
located between the brainstem and cerebrum; it is used for muscle coordination and maintenance of body equilibrium/balance
highly convoluted portion of the brain (located at the back) that helps to coordinate voluntary movement (balance and muscle coordination) (damage leads to ataxia- problem of muscle coordination)
brainstem
lower extension of the brain, where it connects to the spinal cord
most cranial nerves arise from the
brainstem
major highway for all the fiber tracts passing up and down from the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the higher parts of the brain
brainstem
three parts of brainstem
medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons
medulla oblongata (also location)
controls the autonomic functions of the body, such as respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, vomiting
located above spinal cord; contains centers that control respiratory, cardiac, and blood vessel activity as well as controlling reflex activities such as coughing, gagging, swallowing, and vomiting
midbrain (also location)
controls the auditory and visual centers of the brain
located above pons; has the auditory and visual reflex centers
pons (also location)
relays sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum
above the medulla oblongata; small, rounded, bulging structure; contains respiratory center
thalamus (also location)
regulates states of sleep; consciousness, sensory systems except smell, and relaying signals to the cerebrum
anterior to brainstem; well-rounded structure; acts as switchboard (main input and output center for all sensory and motor information entering and leaving the cerebrum, except olfaction); also involved in memory and emotions
pituitary gland (also location)
located at the base of the brain, this endocrine gland secretes hormones to regulate homeostasis such as growth, breast milk production, sex organ development, water regulation, and thyroid gland function
attached to hypothalamus at base of brain; bulbous protrusion; found in between optic chiasma and pons; “Master” of the endocrine glands (controls function of endocrine glands, produces important hormones controlling growth, functioning of gonads, proper pregnancy and milk production, absorption of water into blood by the kidneys, skin pigmentation)
optic chiasma
the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross in an “X” shape; it allows for both eyes to be processed by both fields of vision
region where optic nerves from the left and right eye cross near the center of the head
What are the three layers that cover the brain?
dura mater, archnoid, pia mater
Which are the functions of the left and right brain?
left: sequential analysis, i.e. systematic, logical interpretation of information, interpretation and production of symbolic information, language, mathematics, abstraction, and reasoning
right: holistic functions like processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide a “holistic” picture of one’s environment. Coordinates visual spatial skills, skills like the ones involved in activities such as dancing and gymnastics.
Which structure helps coordinate voluntary movement?
cerebellum
