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Biology 1114 > Exercise 7 - Skeleton and Sheep Brain > Flashcards

Exercise 7 - Skeleton and Sheep Brain Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

two major portions of a pig skull

A

cranial and facial

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2
Q

cranial portion of pig skull contains how many bones (humans?)

A

eight (also eight)

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3
Q

facial portion of pig skull contains how many bones (humans?)

A

nineteen (fourteen in humans)

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4
Q

four major bones of cranial region

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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5
Q

facial portion contains

A

nasal bones, premaxilla, maxilla, mandible

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6
Q

dentary

A

the single bone comprising half of the mandible; some teeth found on this

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7
Q

mouth-related diagnostic feature of mammals

A

mandible composed of two halves, each half being a single bone called the dentary (in all other vertebrates with jaws, each half consists of several bones)

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8
Q

mammalian teeth are found where

A

exclusively on the dentary, premaxillary, and maxillary bones

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9
Q

zygomatic arch

A

cheekbone

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10
Q

lacrimal

A

facial bone

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11
Q

vomer

A

facial bone located along the midsagittal line of the skull

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12
Q

organ associated with vomer

A

vomeronasal organ- chemoreceptor for pheromones (Flehmen response utilizes this organ when curling upper lips and sniffing air, e.g. cats and horses)

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13
Q

foramina

A

holes in the bone of the skull; openings through which blood vessels and nerves enter and exit

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14
Q

foramen magnum

A

largest of the holes in the skull, runs through the occipital bone at the back of the skull, entrance for spinal cord

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15
Q

What bones comprise the skull?

A

cranial region (parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal, +4), facial region (maxilla, premaxilla, nasal bones, mandible, +15 [+10 in humans])

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16
Q

What is the function of the foramen magnum?

A

entrance for spinal cord

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17
Q

??How is a human mandible different from a cow’s?

A

visually all of our teeth are in one set (for cows, the incisors and canine teeth exist separately from the molars and premolars)

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18
Q

male vs female pelvic inlet (brim) of pelvis

A

female: wider, oval-shaped from side-to-side
male: more narrow and heart-shaped

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19
Q

male vs female pelvic outlet of pelvis

A

female: wider; ischial tuberosities are shorter, farther apart, and everted
male: more narrow; ischial tuberosities are longer, sharper, and point more medially

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20
Q

male vs female pubic arch of pelvis

A

female: >90º
male: <90º

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21
Q

male vs female ischial spine

A

female: points posteriorly
male: points medially

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22
Q

first seven vertebrae

A

cervical (neck) vertebrae

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23
Q

first two vertebrae

A

atlas and axis

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24
Q

atlas

A

articulates directly with the skull at the occipital condyles (as in humans)

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25
Q

mammals without these seven neck vertebrae

A

sloths and manatees

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26
Q

how to identify cervical vertebrae

A

lateral foramina where nerves, veins, and arteries pass through

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27
Q

hyoid bone (other name, location, what’s special about it; what it allows for)

A

lingual bone; anterior to the cervical vertebrae; only bone not articulated with another bone; our wide vocal range

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28
Q

what type of vertebrae follow cervical

A

thoracic

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29
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae (and humans?)

A

14-15 (12)

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30
Q

what does each thoracic vertebrae have attached

A

a pair of ribs

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31
Q

first ____ pairs of ribs join at the ____

A

seven; sternum

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32
Q

where do neck muscles attach to thoracic vertebrae

A

dorsal spinal processes

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33
Q

type of vertebrae following thoracic

A

lumbar

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34
Q

how many lumbar (humans?)

A

6-7 (humans 5)

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35
Q

point of attachment (on lumbar vertebrae) for the abdominal muscles which secure the body’s organs

A

lateral processes

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36
Q

type of vertebrae following lumbar

A

sacral

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37
Q

how many sacral (and humans?)

A

four (three)

38
Q

what are sacral vertebrae attached to?

A

pelvic bone

39
Q

type of vertebrae following sacral?

A

caudal/coccygeal

40
Q

how many caudal vertebrae? (and humans?)

A

23 fused (3-5 fused)

41
Q

caudal vertebrae compose what? (and in humans?)

A

tail (tailbone)

42
Q

pigs have only this bone of the generally multi-boned pectoral girdle of vertebrates

A

scapula (shoulder blade)

43
Q

completes pectoral girdle in humans and cats

A

clavicle (collarbone)

44
Q

pig’s pelvic girdle is formed by what bones? (and humans?)

A

fused ilium, ischium, pubis (same)

45
Q

order of vertebrae types

A

cervical –> thoracic –> lumbar –> sacral –> caudal/coccygeal

46
Q

How do the atlas, axis, and skull articulate with each other?

A

The skull articulates directly on the atlas via its (the skull’s) occipital condyles. The atlas then articulates with the axis.

47
Q

What bones are part of the pelvic girdle?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

48
Q

What bones are part of the pectoral girdle?

A

pigs: just scapula

humans/cats: scapula + clavicle

49
Q

??How is a human spine different from a cow’s?

A

??

50
Q

Which bone is not articulated with any other?

A

hyoid bone (lingual bone)

51
Q

bones in arms/forelimbs, proximal to distal

A

humerus –> ulna –> radius (thumb side) –> 8 carpals –> 4 (5 in humans) metacarpals –> 12 phalanges (14 in humans)

52
Q

bones in legs/hind limbs, proximal to distal

A

femur (thigh) –> patella (kneecap) –> fibula (external) –> tibia (shinbone) –> 7 tarsals –> 5 metatarsals –> 12 phalanges (14 in humans)

53
Q

heel bone

A

calcaneus

54
Q

because pigs walk on their toes, they are referred to as

A

unguligrades

55
Q

because humans plant the sole of their foot on the ground, they are referred to as

A

plantigrade

56
Q

What bones comprise the arm?

A

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

57
Q

What bones comprise the leg?

A

femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

58
Q

??How do the bones of a human leg and cow leg differ with shape, position, and articulation?

A

shape: cow bones seem to be shorter and squatter
position: ??
articulation: ??

59
Q

What major blood vessels supply blood to the clavicle? to the femur?

A

clavicle: subclavian arteries
femur: femoral arteries

60
Q

components of central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

61
Q

meninges

A

membranous covering of the brain

three membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord

62
Q

meninge names from outside to inside

A

dura mater, archnoid, pia mater

63
Q

What flows between the meninges?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced in the ventricles (cavities) of the brain

64
Q

What does the CSF do?

A

cushions, provides buoyancy, and excretes waste products through a one-way flow system to the blood and endocrine medium for the brain

65
Q

hydrocephaly results from

A

accumulation of CSF in the brain

66
Q

what results from hydrocephaly?

A

increased pressure in the brain, pressing the cerebrum against the cranium

67
Q

cerebrum

A

the anterior part of the brain that functions for thought, mental consciousness, reasoning, etc.

largest and most complex integration center of the brain

68
Q

few mm thick outermost, convoluted, covering of gray matter of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

69
Q

internal to cerebral cortex

A

white matter and subcortical gray matter – basal nuclei (brain) (basal ganglia - spinal cord)

70
Q

basal nuclei are involved with

A

motor coordination

71
Q

degeneration of cells that enter basal nuclei region may cause

A

Parkinson’s disease

72
Q

four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

73
Q

both hemispheres are able to

A

analyze sensory data, perform memory functions, learn new information, form thoughts and make decisions

74
Q

left hemisphere is involved with

A

sequential analysis, i.e. systematic, logical interpretation of information, interpretation and production of symbolic information, language, mathematics, abstraction, and reasoning

75
Q

right hemisphere is involved with

A

holistic functions like processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide a “holistic” picture of one’s environment. Coordinates visual spatial skills, skills like the ones involved in activities such as dancing and gymnastics.

76
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

thick band of communication fibers that connect or rather wire the left and right cerebral hemispheres (severing leads to split brain syndrome)

77
Q

cerebellum

A

located between the brainstem and cerebrum; it is used for muscle coordination and maintenance of body equilibrium/balance

highly convoluted portion of the brain (located at the back) that helps to coordinate voluntary movement (balance and muscle coordination) (damage leads to ataxia- problem of muscle coordination)

78
Q

brainstem

A

lower extension of the brain, where it connects to the spinal cord

79
Q

most cranial nerves arise from the

A

brainstem

80
Q

major highway for all the fiber tracts passing up and down from the peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the higher parts of the brain

A

brainstem

81
Q

three parts of brainstem

A

medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons

82
Q

medulla oblongata (also location)

A

controls the autonomic functions of the body, such as respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, vomiting

located above spinal cord; contains centers that control respiratory, cardiac, and blood vessel activity as well as controlling reflex activities such as coughing, gagging, swallowing, and vomiting

83
Q

midbrain (also location)

A

controls the auditory and visual centers of the brain

located above pons; has the auditory and visual reflex centers

84
Q

pons (also location)

A

relays sensory information between the cerebrum and cerebellum

above the medulla oblongata; small, rounded, bulging structure; contains respiratory center

85
Q

thalamus (also location)

A

regulates states of sleep; consciousness, sensory systems except smell, and relaying signals to the cerebrum

anterior to brainstem; well-rounded structure; acts as switchboard (main input and output center for all sensory and motor information entering and leaving the cerebrum, except olfaction); also involved in memory and emotions

86
Q

pituitary gland (also location)

A

located at the base of the brain, this endocrine gland secretes hormones to regulate homeostasis such as growth, breast milk production, sex organ development, water regulation, and thyroid gland function

attached to hypothalamus at base of brain; bulbous protrusion; found in between optic chiasma and pons; “Master” of the endocrine glands (controls function of endocrine glands, produces important hormones controlling growth, functioning of gonads, proper pregnancy and milk production, absorption of water into blood by the kidneys, skin pigmentation)

87
Q

optic chiasma

A

the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross in an “X” shape; it allows for both eyes to be processed by both fields of vision

region where optic nerves from the left and right eye cross near the center of the head

88
Q

What are the three layers that cover the brain?

A

dura mater, archnoid, pia mater

89
Q

Which are the functions of the left and right brain?

A

left: sequential analysis, i.e. systematic, logical interpretation of information, interpretation and production of symbolic information, language, mathematics, abstraction, and reasoning
right: holistic functions like processing multi-sensory input simultaneously to provide a “holistic” picture of one’s environment. Coordinates visual spatial skills, skills like the ones involved in activities such as dancing and gymnastics.

90
Q

Which structure helps coordinate voluntary movement?

A

cerebellum

Biology 1114 (3 decks)

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