Exercise 5 - General Pig Anatomy Flashcards
Near or toward the head end.
Anterior
Near or toward the tail end.
Caudal
Some distance below the surface
Deep
Far from a point of reference
Distal
Near or toward the back
Dorsal
Relating to a plane separating dorsal from ventral. For quadrupeds, the plane is usually parallel to the ground.
Frontal plane
Near or towards the sides, left, or right
Lateral
Near or toward the middle
Median
Relating to the chest and shoulder region
Pectoral
Relating to the hip region
Pelvic
Near or toward the hind end
Posterior
Close to a point of reference
Proximal
Relating to the midplane that divides the structure into right and left halves
Sagittal plane
On or near the surface
Superficial
Relating to a plane separating anterior and posterior (it is a crosswise plane that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis)
Transverse plane
Near or toward the belly
Ventral
anus
end of the digestive canal
epitrichium
outer layer of the epidermis; a thin, transparent layer of skin; normally sloughed off before birth by the development of the hairs underneath it
scrotal sacs
pouch to contain testes, regulates temperature of testes; appear as swellings beneath the skin
umbilicus or umbilical cord
attaches fetus to placenta for nutrient and metabolic waste exchange via blood
urogenital opening
orifice where urine exits the body
urogenital papilla
fleshy protuberance on female urogenital openings
thoracic cavity
anterior to the abdominal cavity; holds the heart, lungs, and associated organs
heart
muscle that pumps blood through vessels by rhythmic contractions
lungs
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells
pericardium
sac that surrounds the heart
pleura
sac that surrounds the lungs
mediastinum
thoracic cavity between the pleural cavity from sternum to spine; separates the lungs from the regions occupied by the heart and other organs
abdominal cavity
holds bulk of viscera or organs such as the stomach
diaphragm
divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; draws air into lungs
liver
removes and stores excess nutrients from blood, maintains blood sugar levels, detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile; four-lobed; directly posterior to diaphragm
spleen
long and flat; produces lymphocytes, stores and destroys erythrocytes; destroys red blood cells and stores a reservoir of blood
stomach
acidic environment used for storage and chemical digestion; posterior and to left of liver; storage of proteins and fats; allows animal to eat rapidly and then sneak off to digest in a safe place
cardiac end
the anterior end of the stomach; end of the stomach closest to the heart
pylorus
region of stomach that connects to duodenum
pyloric sphincter
end of the pylorus; where food first flows into the first portion of the small intestine (duodenum)
small intestine
site of chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; major organ of digestion and absorption
duodenum
connects stomach to jejunum; chemical digestion occurs; where enzymes of pancreas enter small intestine
jejunum
central section of the small intestine between duodenum and ileum; main area of nutrient absorption
ileum
final section of small intestine; absorbs B12 and bile salts
pancreas
mass of light yellow tissue lying between the stomach and duodenum; enzymes of which enter the small intestine through a minute duct; enzymes break down the three major classifications of food: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; an exocrine and endocrine gland that produces enzymes to break down fats and proteins and secretes hormones to regulate blood sugar
gallbladder
stores bile; lies dorsal to the right, posterior lobe of the liver; introduces bile to the digestive tract at the duodenum
bile
a watery greenish fluid produced by the liver and carried via the hepatic duct and cystic duct to the gallbladder for storage; salts of which break down and hydrate large globules of fat into smaller droplets; in humans contributes to the yellow color of urine and the reddish-brown of feces
bile duct
carries bile from the liver to the small intestine
large intestine
extracts water from feces and returns it to the body; begins as a tight coil to the left of the small intestine
colon
posterior end of the large intestine; extracts water from feces; begins as a tight coil to the left of the small intestine; essentially a storage organ; retains undigested solids remaining after digestion by the small intestine while water and water-soluble nutrients are absorbed
caecum
beginning of large intestine; used to store food for microbial breakdown; symplesiomorphic character of human’s appendix; small piece of intestine projecting from the point of connection between the small intestine and colon
appendix
in humans, the distal end of the caecum
rectum
stores feces
anal canal
colon –> rectum –> anal canal –> anus
anus
dorsal/posterior end of the digestive system where solid waste exits
What is the function of the liver?
removes and stores excess nutrients from blood, maintains blood sugar levels, detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile
What does the small intestine require the pancreas to do to aid in digestion?
produce enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
scrotal swellings
[male] extension of abdomen that contains testes; pouches that will develop into the scrotum and will hold the descended testes; acts as a temperature control device, holding the testes away from the body to cool and drawing them near when higher temperatures are needed
processus vaginalis
[male] clear sac that each testis lies within (incl. peritoneal membrane)
epididymis
[male] tube that connects the testicles to the vas deferens; stores sperm; mass of coiled tubules that comprise the testis
vas deferens
[male] inside the spermatic cord; carries sperm from epididymis to urethra; epididymis empties into this; runs through the spermatic cord
spermatic cord
[male] vas deferens and surrounding tissue, bundles and protects blood vessels, nerves, and vas deferens; contains the spermatic artery, vein, and nerve
inguinal canal
[male] passage into the abdomen that contains spermatic cord; vas deferens runs out through this
urethra
[male] transports urine from bladder to urogenital opening; both vas deferens empty into this
pelvic girdle
[male and female] area of the body enclosed by the pelvis, surrounds reproductive organs, and protects lower abdominal organs
bulbourethral / Cowper’s gland
[male] secretes pre-ejaculate; contributes secretions to the semen; two large, white, hardened glandular masses
penis
[male] reproductive organ to carry sperm to female and excretory organ for urine, male copulatory organ; copulatory organ; long, tubular structure lying beneath the skin; runs from near anus to the urogenital opening
testis
produce sperm and testosterone
What is the pathway of sperm from production to exit in the body?
testis –> epididymis –> vas deferens (spermatic cord, inguinal canal) –> urethra
What is the function of the testis?
to produce sperm and testosterone
What is the function of the penis?
to deliver sperm to the female and to excrete urine
ovaries
[female] produce eggs; also source of estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones; resemble small white beans about 1/4 inch in size; dorsal, posterior area of the abdominal cavity; surrounded by mesenteric tissue
fallopian tube or oviduct
[female] connect ovaries to the uterus; egg transport; threadlike structures wrapping around and behind the ovaries; expand and join into the uterine horns
uterine horns
[female] points where the uterus and fallopian tubes or oviducts meet and site of fetal development [in pigs]; two obvious structures; eggs move from the ovaries through the oviducts and enter these; the site of embryo development
uterus
[female] reproductive organ that opens to the cervix and fallopian tubes, accepts a fertilized egg; in humans, the embryo develops in this; continuous with the vagina
vagina
[female] leads from the uterus to the exterior of the body, female copulatory organ; thick and tubular; continuous with uterus; joins with urethra
urethra
[female] tube that connects bladder to outside of the body; urine transport; vagina and bladder join with this, empties into urogenital sinus
urogenital sinus
[female] part of the excretory system where urine is stored before it exits the body; urethra empties into this; last passageway before urogenital orifice
urogenital orifice
[female] where urine exits the female body; where fluids exit the body
What is the pathway of the egg from production to exit in the female body?
[pigs] ovary –> oviducts/fallopian tube –> uterine horns (develops into fetus) –> body of uterus –> cervix –> vagina –> urogenital orifice
What is the function of the uterus?
accepts fertilized eggs
What is the function of the fallopian tube (oviduct)?
connect ovaries to uterus (egg transport)
kidney
filter blood to remove waste; regulate blood pressure; maintain a homeostatic balance of body fluids; filter blood and remove wastes such as salts and minerals, convert wastes to urea which combines with water to form urine, regulate plasma concentrations of ions and glucose in regulation of blood pressure; red, bean-shaped
peritoneal tissue
surrounds kidney
renal vein and artery
surround kidney
ureter
ducts from kidneys to the bladder; urine transport; white tube which carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
bladder
stores and collects urine produced by kidneys; stores urine until it is released through the urethra
urethra
tube that connects bladder to outside of the body; urine transport; takes urine from bladder and out through penis or urogenital orifice
What is the pathway of urine from production to exit?
kidney –> ureter –> bladder –> urethra –> penis/urogenital opening
How does a ureter differ from the urethra?
ureter is kidney to bladder, whereas urethra is bladder to outside of body
larynx
voice box; generates sound; bulbous, in neck
thymus gland
produces T cells; surround larynx; large, whitish gland which plays a key role in the formation of the immune system, shrinking as individuals reach adulthood; extends to and may partially cover the anterior portion of the heart
trachea
airway for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange from body to environment; adjacent and posterior to the larynx; lined with cartilaginous rings for support
thyroid gland
endocrine gland that controls metabolism, hormonal sensitivity, and calcium regulation; lies adjacent to the trachea; endocrine gland; do not release secretions through ducts, rather they release directly into bloodstream via the veins and arteries that nourish them
vocal folds
lie close to the larynx wall, develop into vocal cords
How does the thymus gland differ from the thyroid gland?
the thymus gland is involved with the immune system (T cell formation), whereas the thyroid gland is involved with metabolism, hormonal sensitivity, and calcium regulation
Where is the thymus gland located?
surrounds the larynx
Where is the thyroid gland located?
adjacent to trachea
What organ is affected when a person has laryngitis?
the larynx (which includes vocal cords)
parotid gland
largest salivatory gland; secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; lies close to the surface, dorsal and posterior to jaw; empties via a duct external to the molars
submaxillary gland
secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; lies ventral to and near the angle of the jaw; reddish; duct runs along the jaw and empties into the center of the mouth, beneath the tongue
sublingual gland
secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; found directly beneath the tongue and within the musculature of the lower jaw
What three glands begin digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth with production of saliva?
parotid gland, submaxillary gland, sublingual gland
buccal cavity
mouth; used to intake food; at the back of the throat; mouth; narrows into opening in the pharynx
pharynx
used as a passage for both air and food
esophagus
muscular tube that carries food into stomach; after swallowing, food moves across the pharynx and enters this
hard palate
roof of the mouth, ridged and hard
soft palate
opens from the pharynx, revealing the nasopharynx
nasopharynx
open cavities in the nose
posterior nares
extend to external nares
external nares
opening to outside of snout for oxygen exchange; form nostrils in snout
nostrils
opening for oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through
snout
.
epiglottis
entrance to the glottis that prevents food from entering larynx when swallowing; safety mechanism to prevent suction of food into the lungs [same in pigs and humans]; backward movement of the tongue closes this over the glottis, sealing the air passages from food
glottis
space between the vocal cords used in producing sound; epiglottis closes over this, sealing the air passages from food
uvula
[humans] fleshy protuberance hanging from the back of the center of our throats; seals off the nasal passages, allows for the passage of food (and air when breathing through mouth)
How does the esophagus differ from the trachea in function and location?
the esophagus (muscular tube) carries food to the stomach, whereas the trachea (lined with cartilaginous rings for support) is the airway for oxygen and carbon dioxide from body to environment
The external nares belong to what system?
the respiratory system
The epiglottis belongs to what system(s)?
digestive, respiratory
