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Biology 1114 > Exercise 5 - General Pig Anatomy > Flashcards

Exercise 5 - General Pig Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Near or toward the head end.

A

Anterior

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2
Q

Near or toward the tail end.

A

Caudal

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3
Q

Some distance below the surface

A

Deep

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4
Q

Far from a point of reference

A

Distal

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5
Q

Near or toward the back

A

Dorsal

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6
Q

Relating to a plane separating dorsal from ventral. For quadrupeds, the plane is usually parallel to the ground.

A

Frontal plane

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7
Q

Near or towards the sides, left, or right

A

Lateral

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8
Q

Near or toward the middle

A

Median

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9
Q

Relating to the chest and shoulder region

A

Pectoral

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10
Q

Relating to the hip region

A

Pelvic

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11
Q

Near or toward the hind end

A

Posterior

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12
Q

Close to a point of reference

A

Proximal

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13
Q

Relating to the midplane that divides the structure into right and left halves

A

Sagittal plane

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14
Q

On or near the surface

A

Superficial

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15
Q

Relating to a plane separating anterior and posterior (it is a crosswise plane that is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis)

A

Transverse plane

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16
Q

Near or toward the belly

A

Ventral

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17
Q

anus

A

end of the digestive canal

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18
Q

epitrichium

A

outer layer of the epidermis; a thin, transparent layer of skin; normally sloughed off before birth by the development of the hairs underneath it

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19
Q

scrotal sacs

A

pouch to contain testes, regulates temperature of testes; appear as swellings beneath the skin

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20
Q

umbilicus or umbilical cord

A

attaches fetus to placenta for nutrient and metabolic waste exchange via blood

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21
Q

urogenital opening

A

orifice where urine exits the body

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22
Q

urogenital papilla

A

fleshy protuberance on female urogenital openings

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23
Q

thoracic cavity

A

anterior to the abdominal cavity; holds the heart, lungs, and associated organs

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24
Q

heart

A

muscle that pumps blood through vessels by rhythmic contractions

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25
Q

lungs

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells

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26
Q

pericardium

A

sac that surrounds the heart

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27
Q

pleura

A

sac that surrounds the lungs

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28
Q

mediastinum

A

thoracic cavity between the pleural cavity from sternum to spine; separates the lungs from the regions occupied by the heart and other organs

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29
Q

abdominal cavity

A

holds bulk of viscera or organs such as the stomach

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30
Q

diaphragm

A

divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity; draws air into lungs

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31
Q

liver

A

removes and stores excess nutrients from blood, maintains blood sugar levels, detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile; four-lobed; directly posterior to diaphragm

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32
Q

spleen

A

long and flat; produces lymphocytes, stores and destroys erythrocytes; destroys red blood cells and stores a reservoir of blood

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33
Q

stomach

A

acidic environment used for storage and chemical digestion; posterior and to left of liver; storage of proteins and fats; allows animal to eat rapidly and then sneak off to digest in a safe place

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34
Q

cardiac end

A

the anterior end of the stomach; end of the stomach closest to the heart

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35
Q

pylorus

A

region of stomach that connects to duodenum

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36
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

end of the pylorus; where food first flows into the first portion of the small intestine (duodenum)

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37
Q

small intestine

A

site of chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; major organ of digestion and absorption

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38
Q

duodenum

A

connects stomach to jejunum; chemical digestion occurs; where enzymes of pancreas enter small intestine

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39
Q

jejunum

A

central section of the small intestine between duodenum and ileum; main area of nutrient absorption

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40
Q

ileum

A

final section of small intestine; absorbs B12 and bile salts

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41
Q

pancreas

A

mass of light yellow tissue lying between the stomach and duodenum; enzymes of which enter the small intestine through a minute duct; enzymes break down the three major classifications of food: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; an exocrine and endocrine gland that produces enzymes to break down fats and proteins and secretes hormones to regulate blood sugar

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42
Q

gallbladder

A

stores bile; lies dorsal to the right, posterior lobe of the liver; introduces bile to the digestive tract at the duodenum

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43
Q

bile

A

a watery greenish fluid produced by the liver and carried via the hepatic duct and cystic duct to the gallbladder for storage; salts of which break down and hydrate large globules of fat into smaller droplets; in humans contributes to the yellow color of urine and the reddish-brown of feces

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44
Q

bile duct

A

carries bile from the liver to the small intestine

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45
Q

large intestine

A

extracts water from feces and returns it to the body; begins as a tight coil to the left of the small intestine

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46
Q

colon

A

posterior end of the large intestine; extracts water from feces; begins as a tight coil to the left of the small intestine; essentially a storage organ; retains undigested solids remaining after digestion by the small intestine while water and water-soluble nutrients are absorbed

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47
Q

caecum

A

beginning of large intestine; used to store food for microbial breakdown; symplesiomorphic character of human’s appendix; small piece of intestine projecting from the point of connection between the small intestine and colon

48
Q

appendix

A

in humans, the distal end of the caecum

49
Q

rectum

A

stores feces

50
Q

anal canal

A

colon –> rectum –> anal canal –> anus

51
Q

anus

A

dorsal/posterior end of the digestive system where solid waste exits

52
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

removes and stores excess nutrients from blood, maintains blood sugar levels, detoxifies harmful substances, produces bile

53
Q

What does the small intestine require the pancreas to do to aid in digestion?

A

produce enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

54
Q

scrotal swellings

A

[male] extension of abdomen that contains testes; pouches that will develop into the scrotum and will hold the descended testes; acts as a temperature control device, holding the testes away from the body to cool and drawing them near when higher temperatures are needed

55
Q

processus vaginalis

A

[male] clear sac that each testis lies within (incl. peritoneal membrane)

56
Q

epididymis

A

[male] tube that connects the testicles to the vas deferens; stores sperm; mass of coiled tubules that comprise the testis

57
Q

vas deferens

A

[male] inside the spermatic cord; carries sperm from epididymis to urethra; epididymis empties into this; runs through the spermatic cord

58
Q

spermatic cord

A

[male] vas deferens and surrounding tissue, bundles and protects blood vessels, nerves, and vas deferens; contains the spermatic artery, vein, and nerve

59
Q

inguinal canal

A

[male] passage into the abdomen that contains spermatic cord; vas deferens runs out through this

60
Q

urethra

A

[male] transports urine from bladder to urogenital opening; both vas deferens empty into this

61
Q

pelvic girdle

A

[male and female] area of the body enclosed by the pelvis, surrounds reproductive organs, and protects lower abdominal organs

62
Q

bulbourethral / Cowper’s gland

A

[male] secretes pre-ejaculate; contributes secretions to the semen; two large, white, hardened glandular masses

63
Q

penis

A

[male] reproductive organ to carry sperm to female and excretory organ for urine, male copulatory organ; copulatory organ; long, tubular structure lying beneath the skin; runs from near anus to the urogenital opening

64
Q

testis

A

produce sperm and testosterone

65
Q

What is the pathway of sperm from production to exit in the body?

A

testis –> epididymis –> vas deferens (spermatic cord, inguinal canal) –> urethra

66
Q

What is the function of the testis?

A

to produce sperm and testosterone

67
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

to deliver sperm to the female and to excrete urine

68
Q

ovaries

A

[female] produce eggs; also source of estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones; resemble small white beans about 1/4 inch in size; dorsal, posterior area of the abdominal cavity; surrounded by mesenteric tissue

69
Q

fallopian tube or oviduct

A

[female] connect ovaries to the uterus; egg transport; threadlike structures wrapping around and behind the ovaries; expand and join into the uterine horns

70
Q

uterine horns

A

[female] points where the uterus and fallopian tubes or oviducts meet and site of fetal development [in pigs]; two obvious structures; eggs move from the ovaries through the oviducts and enter these; the site of embryo development

71
Q

uterus

A

[female] reproductive organ that opens to the cervix and fallopian tubes, accepts a fertilized egg; in humans, the embryo develops in this; continuous with the vagina

72
Q

vagina

A

[female] leads from the uterus to the exterior of the body, female copulatory organ; thick and tubular; continuous with uterus; joins with urethra

73
Q

urethra

A

[female] tube that connects bladder to outside of the body; urine transport; vagina and bladder join with this, empties into urogenital sinus

74
Q

urogenital sinus

A

[female] part of the excretory system where urine is stored before it exits the body; urethra empties into this; last passageway before urogenital orifice

75
Q

urogenital orifice

A

[female] where urine exits the female body; where fluids exit the body

76
Q

What is the pathway of the egg from production to exit in the female body?

A

[pigs] ovary –> oviducts/fallopian tube –> uterine horns (develops into fetus) –> body of uterus –> cervix –> vagina –> urogenital orifice

77
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

accepts fertilized eggs

78
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube (oviduct)?

A

connect ovaries to uterus (egg transport)

79
Q

kidney

A

filter blood to remove waste; regulate blood pressure; maintain a homeostatic balance of body fluids; filter blood and remove wastes such as salts and minerals, convert wastes to urea which combines with water to form urine, regulate plasma concentrations of ions and glucose in regulation of blood pressure; red, bean-shaped

80
Q

peritoneal tissue

A

surrounds kidney

81
Q

renal vein and artery

A

surround kidney

82
Q

ureter

A

ducts from kidneys to the bladder; urine transport; white tube which carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

83
Q

bladder

A

stores and collects urine produced by kidneys; stores urine until it is released through the urethra

84
Q

urethra

A

tube that connects bladder to outside of the body; urine transport; takes urine from bladder and out through penis or urogenital orifice

85
Q

What is the pathway of urine from production to exit?

A

kidney –> ureter –> bladder –> urethra –> penis/urogenital opening

86
Q

How does a ureter differ from the urethra?

A

ureter is kidney to bladder, whereas urethra is bladder to outside of body

87
Q

larynx

A

voice box; generates sound; bulbous, in neck

88
Q

thymus gland

A

produces T cells; surround larynx; large, whitish gland which plays a key role in the formation of the immune system, shrinking as individuals reach adulthood; extends to and may partially cover the anterior portion of the heart

89
Q

trachea

A

airway for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange from body to environment; adjacent and posterior to the larynx; lined with cartilaginous rings for support

90
Q

thyroid gland

A

endocrine gland that controls metabolism, hormonal sensitivity, and calcium regulation; lies adjacent to the trachea; endocrine gland; do not release secretions through ducts, rather they release directly into bloodstream via the veins and arteries that nourish them

91
Q

vocal folds

A

lie close to the larynx wall, develop into vocal cords

92
Q

How does the thymus gland differ from the thyroid gland?

A

the thymus gland is involved with the immune system (T cell formation), whereas the thyroid gland is involved with metabolism, hormonal sensitivity, and calcium regulation

93
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

surrounds the larynx

94
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

adjacent to trachea

95
Q

What organ is affected when a person has laryngitis?

A

the larynx (which includes vocal cords)

96
Q

parotid gland

A

largest salivatory gland; secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; lies close to the surface, dorsal and posterior to jaw; empties via a duct external to the molars

97
Q

submaxillary gland

A

secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; lies ventral to and near the angle of the jaw; reddish; duct runs along the jaw and empties into the center of the mouth, beneath the tongue

98
Q

sublingual gland

A

secretes saliva, begins carbohydrate digestion; found directly beneath the tongue and within the musculature of the lower jaw

99
Q

What three glands begin digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth with production of saliva?

A

parotid gland, submaxillary gland, sublingual gland

100
Q

buccal cavity

A

mouth; used to intake food; at the back of the throat; mouth; narrows into opening in the pharynx

101
Q

pharynx

A

used as a passage for both air and food

102
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube that carries food into stomach; after swallowing, food moves across the pharynx and enters this

103
Q

hard palate

A

roof of the mouth, ridged and hard

104
Q

soft palate

A

opens from the pharynx, revealing the nasopharynx

105
Q

nasopharynx

A

open cavities in the nose

106
Q

posterior nares

A

extend to external nares

107
Q

external nares

A

opening to outside of snout for oxygen exchange; form nostrils in snout

108
Q

nostrils

A

opening for oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through

109
Q

snout

A

.

110
Q

epiglottis

A

entrance to the glottis that prevents food from entering larynx when swallowing; safety mechanism to prevent suction of food into the lungs [same in pigs and humans]; backward movement of the tongue closes this over the glottis, sealing the air passages from food

111
Q

glottis

A

space between the vocal cords used in producing sound; epiglottis closes over this, sealing the air passages from food

112
Q

uvula

A

[humans] fleshy protuberance hanging from the back of the center of our throats; seals off the nasal passages, allows for the passage of food (and air when breathing through mouth)

113
Q

How does the esophagus differ from the trachea in function and location?

A

the esophagus (muscular tube) carries food to the stomach, whereas the trachea (lined with cartilaginous rings for support) is the airway for oxygen and carbon dioxide from body to environment

114
Q

The external nares belong to what system?

A

the respiratory system

115
Q

The epiglottis belongs to what system(s)?

A

digestive, respiratory

Biology 1114 (3 decks)

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