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Z MD1 locomotor and exercise block > exercise > Flashcards

exercise Flashcards

1
Q

what is the resting VO2 in a normal person

A

250ml/min

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2
Q

what is 1 MET

A

the metabolic rate at rest

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3
Q

how does physical inactivity cause adverse effects

A

inactivity –> abdominal adiposity –> macrophage infiltration of visceral fat –> chronic systemic inflammation –> insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, tumour growth

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4
Q

why are we unable to make an pill that gives us the same effects as exercise

A

because about 40% of the beneficial effect of exercise is unaccounted for

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5
Q

what is the relationship between fat and muscle fibres

A

the less type 1 fibres you have the more fat you have in the muscles

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6
Q

what colour do type 1 and 2 fibres stain in acidic and alkaline stain

A

acidic - type 1 = dark, type 2 = light

alkaline - type 1 = light, type 2 = dark

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7
Q

what are the alternate names for type 1 muscle fibres

A

slow twitch

slow oxidative

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8
Q

what are the alternate names for type 2a muscle fibres

A

fast oxidative glycolytic

fast twitcha

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9
Q

what are the alternate names for type 2x muscle fibres

A

fast glycolytic

fast twichb

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10
Q

compare the power/force output between type 1 and 2 muscle fibres

A

type 1 - small
type 2a - medium
type 2x - large

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11
Q

compare the endurance capacity of type 1 and 2 muscle fibres

A

type 1 = long endurance
type 2a = medium endurance
type 2x = short endurance

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12
Q

what makes up the majority of muscle fibres in a normal person

A

type 1

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13
Q

compare the mitochondrial density in type 1 and 2 fibres

A

type 1 = highest density
type 2 a = medium
type 2 x = lowest density

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14
Q

compare the capillary density in type 1 and 2 muscles

A

type 1 more than type 2

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15
Q

what kind of sporting event would professional athletes have a lot of type 2 muscle fibres

A

sprinting

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16
Q

explain the recruitment of type 1 and 2 muscle fibres with activity

A
  • low activity - recruit type 1

- with increasing exercise intensity you recruit type 2 a and then 2x last

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17
Q

what happens to the muscles during resistance training

A
  • initially it is just the nervous system getting used to being able to recruit more muscles
  • then an increase in muscle mass
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18
Q

what is the important protein involved in increasing muscle mass

A

mTOR

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19
Q

increased mitochondria in the muscles will result in what

A
  • increased oxidative enzymes
  • reduced CHO use and lactate production
  • increased fat oxidation
  • enhanced endurance performance
  • improved insulin action
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20
Q

explain the relationship between the power and the capacity of muscle substrates

A

energy substrates that give you greater power only have low capacity

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21
Q

explain the power of the different substrates used for muscle energy

A

as you move from substrate level phosphorylation to oxidative phosphorylation, the rate of the generation of ATP decreases
(CHO and FFA lowest power)

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22
Q

explain the capacity of the different substrates used for muscle energy

A

we have a lot of CHO and FA (more) - greatest capacity for energy

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23
Q

explain the fuels used in sprinting

A

tend to rely more heavily on anaerobic fuels (ATP, phosphocreatine and glycolysis)

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24
Q

explain the fuels used in endurance exercise at different exercise intensity

A

as the exercise intensity decreases the proportion of fat used for energy decreases (where there is a heavy reliance on carbohydrates)

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25
Q

what fuels are used in endurance exercise

A

glycogen
FFA
plasma glucose
other fat sources

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26
Q

after how long a period of exercise does the switch from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism sources occur

A

2 minutes

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27
Q

explain the different uses of fuels during increasing time of endurance exercise

A

over time, the reliance of carbohydrates goes down and the fat and plasma glucose goes up

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28
Q

what are the factors influencing exercise metabolism

A
  • exercise intensity and duration
  • diet
  • training
  • environmental temperature
  • age and gender
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29
Q

what is the effect of environmental temperature on exercise metabolism

A

increased temp –> burn more carbs

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30
Q

what is the effect of age on exercise metabolism

A

tend to burn more carbs with age

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31
Q

what is the effect of gender on exercise metabolism

A

females tend to use more fat than males

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32
Q

what are the 2 definitions of muscle fatigue

A
  • reduction in force and power generating capacity

- inability to maintain the required or expected force or power

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33
Q

what causes muscle fatigue

A

end of muscle glycogen stores

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34
Q

what is the benefit of carbohydrate loading

A

will prolong the time before muscle fatigue (but doesn’t prevent it)

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35
Q

What is the Fick equation

A

VO2 = CO x (Ca-vO2)

36
Q

explain the relationship of ventilation with VO2, VCO2 and workload

A

VE vs VO2 - linear until ventilatory threshold is reached
VE vs VCO2 - linear
VE vs workload - linear

37
Q

explain how Ventilation is increased over increasing workload

A
  • initially an increase in TV

- later on - increase in breathing frequency

38
Q

what causes the increase in VE at ventilatory threshold

A

due to the body’s attempt in removing the excess CO2 (resulting from the buffering of lactate produced by the muscles)

39
Q

explain the relationship between VO2 and HR

A

linear relationship (until HR max is reached)

40
Q

explain how the increase in CO is done

A

first there is an increase of SV and HR - up to ~50% of VO2max. Then only increase and HR

41
Q

explain what happens with HR during exercise in an untrained and trained person

A

untrained - HR increase is rapid

trained - HR increase is slow

42
Q

what causes the increase in SBP with exercise

A
  • neural stimulation causes venous vessels to stiffen –> moves blood from the periphery into the central circulation
  • dilatation of local arterioles to active muscles –> contraction –> increased venous return
43
Q

what causes the increased SV with exercise

A

due to increased venous return due to increased central circulation and muscle contraction –> increased EDV –> increased SV

44
Q

why is there eventual vasoconstriction of the vasculature to the skin at maximal exercise

A

because the perfusion of the brain wins out over trying to remove heat from the skin

45
Q

which organ systems have their perfusion increased during exercise

A

muscles
coronary
skin - to a point

46
Q

what causes the vasodilation of the vessels supplying the muscles

A
  • metabolic vasodilators from contracting skeletal muscles, endothelium and/or red blood cells
47
Q

why do athletes sometimes faint after finishing a race

A

because when the athlete stops and their muscles stop contracting while their vasodilation of the vasculature is still occurring –> drop in venous return –> drop in CO –> faint

48
Q

is the increased CO in athletes causing the increased VO2 max or vice versa

A

the increase in CO causes the increase in VO2 max

49
Q

how does the CO increase to higher levels in athletes

A

due to a larger SV in athletes

50
Q

what is the trend in BP with exercise

A
  • increase in systolic

- slight decrease in diastolic

51
Q

how is it possible that both HR and BP can increase with the working of the baroreceptors

A

the baroreceptors are reset

52
Q

what is the trend of MAP during exercise

A

slight increase

53
Q

what occurs to HR with prolonged exercise

A

drifts up

54
Q

what occurs during cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise

A
  • increased HR and decreased SV
  • hyperthermia
  • dehydration
  • increased plasma
  • peripheral displacement of BV due to cutaneous vasodilation
55
Q

what causes the increase in SV with training

A
  • larger chamber size and LV mass
  • expanded blood volume
  • increased adrenergic sensitivity
56
Q

explain the microvascular adaptations to exercise training

A
  • increased capillary density

- increased capillary recruitment

57
Q

what causes the increase in ventilation with exercise (control)

A
  • motor cortical activation
  • muscle afferents
  • CO2 flux to the lung (chemoreceptors?)
  • increased H+
  • elevated catecholamines and temp
    NO ROLE FOR OXYGEN
58
Q

how do athletes have lower VE with the same workload compared to untrained people

A
  • reduced blood H+
  • lower plasma K+
  • lower plasma catecholamines
  • reduced activation of muscle afferents?
  • reduced central drive?
59
Q

what is the quantification of 1 MET

A

3.5ml/kg/min

60
Q

do sprinters or endurance athletes have higher VO2 max

A

endurance

61
Q

what is the major determinant of VO2 max

A

oxygen delivery

62
Q

what are the ways heat is removed from the muscles

A
  • convection
  • conduction
  • evaporation
  • radiation
63
Q

what is the major mechanism of heat loss during exercise at 10 degrees

A
  • convection and conduction
64
Q

what is the major mechanism of heat loss during exercise at 30 degrees

A

evaporation from sweat

65
Q

what is the purpose of keeping a cold vest of athletes prior to exercise when in hot climates

A

to prevent vasodilation of the skin vasculature (to keep as blood volume as possible in the central circulation)

66
Q

what is the effect of environmental temperature on the time you can exercise for

A

hotter temperature - the exercise time is markedly reduced

67
Q

what is the purpose of “precooling” athletes prior to events

A

it means they can exercise for longer before hitting “max” temp stopping them from continuing

68
Q

which fluid compartments loose their fluid first during dehydration in exercise

A

interstitial and IC compartments

plasma constant

69
Q

what are the benefits of fluid ingestion during exercise

A
  • increased BV
  • decreased HR
  • increased SV and CO
  • lower core temp
  • lower core temp
  • lower plasma sodium and osmolality
  • reduced muscle glycogen use
  • enhanced exercise performance
70
Q

what are the effects of exercise on the urinary system

A

when you stop exercising - activate RAAS axis which causes an increase in Renin and aldosterone –> reabsorbs Na and fluid to help restore blood volume that was lost in sweating during exercise

71
Q

what is the purpose of adding Na+ to drinks that are drunk during exercise

A

by restoring Na+ you restore water balance

72
Q

reasons for cardiopulmonary exercise testing

A
  • exercise capacity
  • disease risk
  • differential diagnosis
  • assessment of severity of disease
  • pre-operative risk
  • disability evaluation
  • rehabilitation/exercise prescription
  • effectiveness of therapy
73
Q

explain the shift of the lactate curve with training and heart disease

A

athletes - shift the curve to the right

heart disease - shift the curve to the left

74
Q

what are the reasons for exercise testing cessation

A
  • fatigue
  • drop in BP
  • moderate to severe angina
  • ataxia, dizziness, syncope
  • dysrhythmia
  • ST segment changes
  • SOB more than normal
75
Q

what variable is the best predictor of endurance

A

muscle oxidative capacity

76
Q

what is the association between insulin infusion rate and insulin sensitivity

A

higher the infusion rate - the more insulin sensitive

77
Q

what is the association between GLUT 4 and exercise

A

exercise causes

  • increase in muscle GLUT 4 expression
  • increase in the fat GLUT4 expression (back to normal levels)
78
Q

what is the association between exercise and insulin and what does it mean in the long run

A

do regular exercise –> become more insulin sensitive –> less lipogenesis in the liver and muscle and more glycogen synthesis

79
Q

what is the association between exercise and HDL

A

regular exercise associated with higher levels of HDL

80
Q

what is the association between exercise and BP

A

exercise –> decreased systolic and diastolic BP

81
Q

what is the theory behind how exercise can reduce the CVD and metabolic diseases

A

exercising muscles release myokines that inhibit adipose tissues releasing adipokines (which would normally cause the effects of the disease)

82
Q

what are the risks associated with exercise

A
  • sudden cardiac death
  • exercise induced bronchospasm
  • musculoskeletal injury
  • delayed onset muscle soreness
  • exertional rhabdomyolysis
  • exertional hyperthermia/hypothermia
  • proteinuria
83
Q

what physiological changes immediately post-exercise can cause cardiac events

A

at cessation of exercise –> decreased venous return (due to lack of muscular pumps and vasodilation to the skin) –> decreased CO –> decreased BP –> decreased coronary perfusion –> ischaemia –> altered depolarisation/repolarisation and altered conduction velocity –> increased ventricular ectopic activity

84
Q

what physiological changes occur during acute exercise stress that can cause cardiac events

A
  • increased SNS and decreased vagal stimulation –> increased HR and SBP –> decreased diastolic filling –> reduced coronary perfusion –> ischaemia
  • Na/K imbalance –> myocardial irritability
  • increased catecholamines –> myocardial irritability
85
Q

what are the current Australian physical activity guidelines

A
  • 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity a week
  • 2 sessions of resistance training a week
  • minimise the amount of time spent sitting
86
Q

what does an inclinometer measure

A

whether someone is standing or sitting

Z MD1 locomotor and exercise block (13 decks)

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