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Z MD1 locomotor and exercise block > exercise > Flashcards

exercise Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

what is the resting VO2 in a normal person

A

250ml/min

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2
Q

what is 1 MET

A

the metabolic rate at rest

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3
Q

how does physical inactivity cause adverse effects

A

inactivity –> abdominal adiposity –> macrophage infiltration of visceral fat –> chronic systemic inflammation –> insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, neurodegeneration, tumour growth

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4
Q

why are we unable to make an pill that gives us the same effects as exercise

A

because about 40% of the beneficial effect of exercise is unaccounted for

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5
Q

what is the relationship between fat and muscle fibres

A

the less type 1 fibres you have the more fat you have in the muscles

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6
Q

what colour do type 1 and 2 fibres stain in acidic and alkaline stain

A

acidic - type 1 = dark, type 2 = light

alkaline - type 1 = light, type 2 = dark

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7
Q

what are the alternate names for type 1 muscle fibres

A

slow twitch

slow oxidative

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8
Q

what are the alternate names for type 2a muscle fibres

A

fast oxidative glycolytic

fast twitcha

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9
Q

what are the alternate names for type 2x muscle fibres

A

fast glycolytic

fast twichb

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10
Q

compare the power/force output between type 1 and 2 muscle fibres

A

type 1 - small
type 2a - medium
type 2x - large

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11
Q

compare the endurance capacity of type 1 and 2 muscle fibres

A

type 1 = long endurance
type 2a = medium endurance
type 2x = short endurance

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12
Q

what makes up the majority of muscle fibres in a normal person

A

type 1

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13
Q

compare the mitochondrial density in type 1 and 2 fibres

A

type 1 = highest density
type 2 a = medium
type 2 x = lowest density

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14
Q

compare the capillary density in type 1 and 2 muscles

A

type 1 more than type 2

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15
Q

what kind of sporting event would professional athletes have a lot of type 2 muscle fibres

A

sprinting

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16
Q

explain the recruitment of type 1 and 2 muscle fibres with activity

A
  • low activity - recruit type 1

- with increasing exercise intensity you recruit type 2 a and then 2x last

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17
Q

what happens to the muscles during resistance training

A
  • initially it is just the nervous system getting used to being able to recruit more muscles
  • then an increase in muscle mass
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18
Q

what is the important protein involved in increasing muscle mass

A

mTOR

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19
Q

increased mitochondria in the muscles will result in what

A
  • increased oxidative enzymes
  • reduced CHO use and lactate production
  • increased fat oxidation
  • enhanced endurance performance
  • improved insulin action
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20
Q

explain the relationship between the power and the capacity of muscle substrates

A

energy substrates that give you greater power only have low capacity

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21
Q

explain the power of the different substrates used for muscle energy

A

as you move from substrate level phosphorylation to oxidative phosphorylation, the rate of the generation of ATP decreases
(CHO and FFA lowest power)

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22
Q

explain the capacity of the different substrates used for muscle energy

A

we have a lot of CHO and FA (more) - greatest capacity for energy

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23
Q

explain the fuels used in sprinting

A

tend to rely more heavily on anaerobic fuels (ATP, phosphocreatine and glycolysis)

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24
Q

explain the fuels used in endurance exercise at different exercise intensity

A

as the exercise intensity decreases the proportion of fat used for energy decreases (where there is a heavy reliance on carbohydrates)

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25
what fuels are used in endurance exercise
glycogen FFA plasma glucose other fat sources
26
after how long a period of exercise does the switch from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism sources occur
2 minutes
27
explain the different uses of fuels during increasing time of endurance exercise
over time, the reliance of carbohydrates goes down and the fat and plasma glucose goes up
28
what are the factors influencing exercise metabolism
- exercise intensity and duration - diet - training - environmental temperature - age and gender
29
what is the effect of environmental temperature on exercise metabolism
increased temp --> burn more carbs
30
what is the effect of age on exercise metabolism
tend to burn more carbs with age
31
what is the effect of gender on exercise metabolism
females tend to use more fat than males
32
what are the 2 definitions of muscle fatigue
- reduction in force and power generating capacity | - inability to maintain the required or expected force or power
33
what causes muscle fatigue
end of muscle glycogen stores
34
what is the benefit of carbohydrate loading
will prolong the time before muscle fatigue (but doesn't prevent it)
35
What is the Fick equation
VO2 = CO x (Ca-vO2)
36
explain the relationship of ventilation with VO2, VCO2 and workload
VE vs VO2 - linear until ventilatory threshold is reached VE vs VCO2 - linear VE vs workload - linear
37
explain how Ventilation is increased over increasing workload
- initially an increase in TV | - later on - increase in breathing frequency
38
what causes the increase in VE at ventilatory threshold
due to the body's attempt in removing the excess CO2 (resulting from the buffering of lactate produced by the muscles)
39
explain the relationship between VO2 and HR
linear relationship (until HR max is reached)
40
explain how the increase in CO is done
first there is an increase of SV and HR - up to ~50% of VO2max. Then only increase and HR
41
explain what happens with HR during exercise in an untrained and trained person
untrained - HR increase is rapid | trained - HR increase is slow
42
what causes the increase in SBP with exercise
- neural stimulation causes venous vessels to stiffen --> moves blood from the periphery into the central circulation - dilatation of local arterioles to active muscles --> contraction --> increased venous return
43
what causes the increased SV with exercise
due to increased venous return due to increased central circulation and muscle contraction --> increased EDV --> increased SV
44
why is there eventual vasoconstriction of the vasculature to the skin at maximal exercise
because the perfusion of the brain wins out over trying to remove heat from the skin
45
which organ systems have their perfusion increased during exercise
muscles coronary skin - to a point
46
what causes the vasodilation of the vessels supplying the muscles
- metabolic vasodilators from contracting skeletal muscles, endothelium and/or red blood cells
47
why do athletes sometimes faint after finishing a race
because when the athlete stops and their muscles stop contracting while their vasodilation of the vasculature is still occurring --> drop in venous return --> drop in CO --> faint
48
is the increased CO in athletes causing the increased VO2 max or vice versa
the increase in CO causes the increase in VO2 max
49
how does the CO increase to higher levels in athletes
due to a larger SV in athletes
50
what is the trend in BP with exercise
- increase in systolic | - slight decrease in diastolic
51
how is it possible that both HR and BP can increase with the working of the baroreceptors
the baroreceptors are reset
52
what is the trend of MAP during exercise
slight increase
53
what occurs to HR with prolonged exercise
drifts up
54
what occurs during cardiovascular drift during prolonged exercise
- increased HR and decreased SV - hyperthermia - dehydration - increased plasma - peripheral displacement of BV due to cutaneous vasodilation
55
what causes the increase in SV with training
- larger chamber size and LV mass - expanded blood volume - increased adrenergic sensitivity
56
explain the microvascular adaptations to exercise training
- increased capillary density | - increased capillary recruitment
57
what causes the increase in ventilation with exercise (control)
- motor cortical activation - muscle afferents - CO2 flux to the lung (chemoreceptors?) - increased H+ - elevated catecholamines and temp NO ROLE FOR OXYGEN
58
how do athletes have lower VE with the same workload compared to untrained people
- reduced blood H+ - lower plasma K+ - lower plasma catecholamines - reduced activation of muscle afferents? - reduced central drive?
59
what is the quantification of 1 MET
3.5ml/kg/min
60
do sprinters or endurance athletes have higher VO2 max
endurance
61
what is the major determinant of VO2 max
oxygen delivery
62
what are the ways heat is removed from the muscles
- convection - conduction - evaporation - radiation
63
what is the major mechanism of heat loss during exercise at 10 degrees
- convection and conduction
64
what is the major mechanism of heat loss during exercise at 30 degrees
evaporation from sweat
65
what is the purpose of keeping a cold vest of athletes prior to exercise when in hot climates
to prevent vasodilation of the skin vasculature (to keep as blood volume as possible in the central circulation)
66
what is the effect of environmental temperature on the time you can exercise for
hotter temperature - the exercise time is markedly reduced
67
what is the purpose of "precooling" athletes prior to events
it means they can exercise for longer before hitting "max" temp stopping them from continuing
68
which fluid compartments loose their fluid first during dehydration in exercise
interstitial and IC compartments | plasma constant
69
what are the benefits of fluid ingestion during exercise
- increased BV - decreased HR - increased SV and CO - lower core temp - lower core temp - lower plasma sodium and osmolality - reduced muscle glycogen use - enhanced exercise performance
70
what are the effects of exercise on the urinary system
when you stop exercising - activate RAAS axis which causes an increase in Renin and aldosterone --> reabsorbs Na and fluid to help restore blood volume that was lost in sweating during exercise
71
what is the purpose of adding Na+ to drinks that are drunk during exercise
by restoring Na+ you restore water balance
72
reasons for cardiopulmonary exercise testing
- exercise capacity - disease risk - differential diagnosis - assessment of severity of disease - pre-operative risk - disability evaluation - rehabilitation/exercise prescription - effectiveness of therapy
73
explain the shift of the lactate curve with training and heart disease
athletes - shift the curve to the right | heart disease - shift the curve to the left
74
what are the reasons for exercise testing cessation
- fatigue - drop in BP - moderate to severe angina - ataxia, dizziness, syncope - dysrhythmia - ST segment changes - SOB more than normal
75
what variable is the best predictor of endurance
muscle oxidative capacity
76
what is the association between insulin infusion rate and insulin sensitivity
higher the infusion rate - the more insulin sensitive
77
what is the association between GLUT 4 and exercise
exercise causes - increase in muscle GLUT 4 expression - increase in the fat GLUT4 expression (back to normal levels)
78
what is the association between exercise and insulin and what does it mean in the long run
do regular exercise --> become more insulin sensitive --> less lipogenesis in the liver and muscle and more glycogen synthesis
79
what is the association between exercise and HDL
regular exercise associated with higher levels of HDL
80
what is the association between exercise and BP
exercise --> decreased systolic and diastolic BP
81
what is the theory behind how exercise can reduce the CVD and metabolic diseases
exercising muscles release myokines that inhibit adipose tissues releasing adipokines (which would normally cause the effects of the disease)
82
what are the risks associated with exercise
- sudden cardiac death - exercise induced bronchospasm - musculoskeletal injury - delayed onset muscle soreness - exertional rhabdomyolysis - exertional hyperthermia/hypothermia - proteinuria
83
what physiological changes immediately post-exercise can cause cardiac events
at cessation of exercise --> decreased venous return (due to lack of muscular pumps and vasodilation to the skin) --> decreased CO --> decreased BP --> decreased coronary perfusion --> ischaemia --> altered depolarisation/repolarisation and altered conduction velocity --> increased ventricular ectopic activity
84
what physiological changes occur during acute exercise stress that can cause cardiac events
- increased SNS and decreased vagal stimulation --> increased HR and SBP --> decreased diastolic filling --> reduced coronary perfusion --> ischaemia - Na/K imbalance --> myocardial irritability - increased catecholamines --> myocardial irritability
85
what are the current Australian physical activity guidelines
- 150-300 minutes of moderate physical activity a week - 2 sessions of resistance training a week - minimise the amount of time spent sitting
86
what does an inclinometer measure
whether someone is standing or sitting

Z MD1 locomotor and exercise block (13 decks)

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