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A&P 232 > Exercise 22+26: General Sensation, Olfaction and Taste > Flashcards

Exercise 22+26: General Sensation, Olfaction and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Structures specialized to respond to stimuli

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2
Q

General senses

A

Touch, pressure, pain, temperature, stretch, movement, vibration.

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3
Q

General sensory receptors

A

React to touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, stretch, vibration, and changes in body position.
Distributed throughout the body.

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4
Q

Special senses

A

Vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste

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5
Q

Sense organs

A

A structure that combines nervous tissue with other tissues that enhance the response to a certain type of stimulus
Examples: ear, eye, or small localized groups of receptors

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6
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

Respond to stimuli arising outside the body
Found near the body surface
Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Examples: simple cutaneous receptors in the skin; vision apparatus of the eye; includes the special sense organs

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7
Q

Interoreceptors (visceroreceptors)

A

Respond to stimuli arising within the body; found in the internal visceral organs and include stretch receptors (in walls of hollow organs), chemoreceptors, and others

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8
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Sense the position and movements of the body or its parts; occur in muscles tendons and joint capsules; monitor the degree of stretch of those structures

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9
Q

Free (naked) dendritic endings

A

Location: most body tissues; especially the epithelia and connective tissues (skin and mucous membranes)
Stimulus type: pain, heat, and cold

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10
Q

Merkel discs

A

Location: basal layer of epidermis of skin

Stimulus type: light touch and texture

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11
Q

Hair follicle receptors

A

Location: wrap around the base of a hair follicle

Stimulus type: light touch and bending of hairs

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12
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles (tactile corpuscles)

A

Location: dermal papillae of hairless skin

Stimulus type: light touch and pressue

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13
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles (bulbous corpuscles)

A

Location: deep in dermis, hypodermis, and joint capsules

Stimulus type: deep pressure and stretch

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14
Q

Pacinian corpuscles (lamellar corpuscles)

A

Location: dermis, subcutaneous tissue, periosteum, tendons, joint capsules
Stimulus type: deep pressure, stretch, vibration

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15
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Location: skeletal muscle
Stimulus type: muscle stretch (proprioception)
(muscle spindle is a bundle of 7-8 modified muscle fibers)

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16
Q

Intrafusal cells

A

Specialized slender skeletal muscle cells found in muscle spindles. Nerve endings of sensory neurons coil around the intrafusal cells.

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17
Q

Tendon organs

A

Location: tendons
Stimulus type: tendon stretch, tension (proprioception)
(tendon organs are proprioceptors located a tendon)

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18
Q

Transducers

A

Sensory receptors act as transducers, changing environmental stimuli into nerve impulses that are sent to the CNS

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19
Q

Punctuate distribution

A

Sensory receptors have discrete locations and cluster at certain points

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20
Q

What are the four qualities of cutaneous sensation?

A

Tactile (touch), heat, cold, pain

21
Q

Tactile two-point discrimination test

A

Tests tactile localization (ability to determine which portion of skin has been touched)
The greater the receptor density, the more precisely you would expect to locate point of stimulation

22
Q

Two-point threshold

A

The smallest distance at which two points of contact can be felt

23
Q

Adaptation

A

When a stimulus is applied for a long time without movement, the firing of the neuron slows down and conscious awareness of the stimulus declines or is lost
(ex: adapting to hot bath water)

24
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain is perceived as coming from one area of the body when a different area is receiving the painful stimulus (pain is referred to a different area)

25
Q

Projection

A

Transmission of information from a receptor to a specific location in the cerebral cortex

26
Q

How are the senses of taste and smell related?

A

Receptors for taste and smell are both chemoreceptors (they respond to chemicals in aqueous solution (in saliva for taste, or in fluids of nasal membranes for smell)

27
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Organ of smell, covers the superior nasal concha

28
Q

What types of cells are found in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and olfactory stem cells

29
Q

What types of papillae are found on the tongue?

A

Filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, foliate

30
Q

Taste buds

A

Located in papillae (peglike projections of the mucosa), found in fungiform and circumvallate mostly

31
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A

Arranged in a V on posterior surface of tongue

32
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Form parallel ridges on sides of tongue

33
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

More numerous, mushroom shaped, contain about 3 tastebuds

34
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Tiny spikes without tastebuds

35
Q

Anatomy of a taste bud/what does each taste bud consist of

A 
Gustatory epithelial cells (receptors for taste) that have gustatory hairs (long microvilli) that project through a taste pore
Basal cells (dynamic stem cells)
Supporting cells (insulate the receptor)
36
Q

Taste bud

A

Contain specific receptors for taste

37
Q

What are the five basic taste sensations?

A

Sweet, Salt, Sour, Bitter, Umami

38
Q

What chemical substance elicits the taste sensation: sweet?

A

Alcohol, sugars, saccharin, and some amino acids

39
Q

What chemical substance elicits the taste sensation: salt?

A

Metal ions

40
Q

What chemical substance elicits the taste sensation: sour?

A

Hydrogen ions

41
Q

What chemical substance elicits the taste sensation: bitter?

A

Alkaloids, such as quinine or nicotine

42
Q

What chemical substance elicits the taste sensation: umami?

A

Glutamate (an amino acid)

43
Q

What are other factors that influence taste (other than olfaction)?

A

Texture, temperature

44
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch

45
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Sensitive to changes in temperature

46
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to light energy (e.g., retina)

47
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Respond to chemicals (e.g., smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry)

48
Q

Nociceptors

A

Sensitive to pain-causing stimuli

A&P 232 (6 decks)

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