Exercise Flashcards
What is keyhole surgery
small incisions are made in the skin
A small video camera is inserted into the incision, along with specialised medical instruments with which to perform the surgery
Benefits of keyhole surgery in comparison to conventional surgery
Less blood loss and scarring of the skin
Less pain after surgery and a quicker recovery
This leads to a shorter hospital stay and the patient can quickly return to doing normal activities
What is a cruciate ligament
The cruciate ligaments are found in the middle of the knee and it connects the thigh bone to the lower leg bone
The damaged ligament can be removed and replaced by a graft from another tendon in the patient’s leg or from a donor’s tendon
Attached bone to bone and allows movement and provides stability to the knee
how will the body provide more oxygen to cells that are contracting and removing the carbon dioxide waste product
Increase the rate and depth of breathing which will increase the amount of oxygen entering the lungs and bloodstream, while getting rid of more carbon dioxide
Increase the heart rate which will transport the oxygen (and glucose) to the muscles much faster, while removing the additional carbon dioxide
what is the breathing rate controlled by
ventilation centres in the medulla oblongata
what does the inspiratory centre control
the movement of air into the lungs (Inhalation)
what does the expiratory centre control
movement of air out of the lungs (exhalation)
what effects does inspiratory centre have in the medulla oblongata
sends nerve impulses along motor neurons to the intercostal muscles of the ribs and diaphragm muscles
These muscles will contract and cause the volume of the chest to increase
This lowers the air pressure in the lungs to slightly below atmospheric pressure
An impulse is also sent to the expiratory centre to inhibit its action
Due to the difference in pressure between the lungs and outside air, air will flow into the lungs
once nerve impulses are sent back to the medulla oblongata inhibiting the inspiratory centre what will happen to expiratory centre
no longer inhibited
and will sends nerve impulses to the intercostal and diaphragm muscles
These muscles will relax and cause the volume of the chest to decrease
This increases the air pressure in the lungs to slightly above atmospheric pressure
Due to the higher pressure in the lungs, air will flow out of the lungs
what happens as the lungs deflate
the stretch receptors become inactive which means that the inspiratory centre is no longer inhibited and the next breathing cycle can begin
when are stretch receptors stimulated
as they inflate with air
so during the effects of the inspiratory centre
what does the extra co2 produced due to the increase in the rate of respiration during exercise lead to
extra carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid
dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3-)
increase in the concentration of H+ ions will decrease the pH of the blood
decrease in pH is detected by chemoreceptors
Once they are stimulated a nerve impulse is sent to the medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata will then send more frequent nerve impulses to the intercostal and diaphragm muscles to increase the rate and strength of contractions
what is ventilation rate
volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a set time period
what controls in the heart rate
cardiovascular control centre in the medulla oblongata by controlling the rate at which the sinoatrial node (SAN) generates electrical impulses
what do the electrical impulses generated by the SAN cause
cause the atria to contract and therefore determines the rhythm of a heartbeat
what are baroreceptors stimulated by and where are they found
found in the aortic and carotid bodies and they are stimulated by high and low blood pressure
what are chemoreceptors stimulated by and where are they found
found in the medulla oblongata, as well as in the aortic and carotid bodies
stimulated by changes in the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood, as well as blood pH
what happens when either chem or baro receptor is stimulated
these receptors will send electrical impulses to the medulla oblongata
The cardiovascular control centre in the medulla oblongata will respond by sending impulses to the SAN along sympathetic or parasympathetic neurones
what do sympathetic neurones do
increase the rate at which the SAN generates electrical impulses, thus speeding up the heart rate
what do parasympathetic neurones do
decrease the rate at which the SAN fires, thus slowing down the heart rate
how will heart respond to high blood pressure
Detected by baroreceptors which send impulses to cardiovascular control centre
It sends impulses along parasympathetic neurones which secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Acetylcholine binds to receptors on SAN causing it to fire less frequently
Heart rate slows down and blood pressure decreases back to normal
how will heart respond to low blood pressure
Detected by baroreceptors which send impulses to cardiovascular control centre
It sends impulses along sympathetic neurones which secrete the neurotransmitter noradrenaline
Noradrenaline binds to receptors on SAN causing it to fire more frequently
Heart rate speeds up and blood pressure increases back to normal
how will heart respond to High blood O2 / Low CO2 / high pH levels
Detected by chemoreceptors which send impulses to cardiovascular control centre
It sends impulses along sympathetic neurones which secrete the neurotransmitter noradrenaline
Noradrenaline binds to receptors on SAN causing it to fire more frequently
Heart rate speeds up and O2 / CO2 and pH levels return to normal
Tidal volume
this is the volume of air that is breathed in or out during normal breathing
What is respiratory minute ventilation
volume of air that can be breathed in or out in a minute
How is breathing distress avoided when using a spirometer
Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the exhaled air by soda lime in order to stop the concentration of carbon dioxide in the re-breathed air from getting too high
what does a spirometer produce
a trace is drawn on a rotating drum of paper or a graph is formed digitally, which can be viewed on a computer
From this trace, the subject’s respiratory minute ventilation, tidal volume and breathing rate can all be calculated
method for investigating the effects of exercise
A person at rest will breathe into the spirometer for one minute
Record the results
The person will then exercise for two minutes while the spirometer chamber is refilled with oxygen
After they stop exercising, they will immediately breathe into the spirometer for one minute
Record the results
Compare the recordings taken before and after exercising
how can you calculate breathing rate, tidal volume from spirometer data
breathing rate, count the number of peaks on the trace in a minute
Tidal volume can be determined by calculating the average difference in the volume of gas between each peak and trough
effects of too much exercise on health
Joints may become damaged due to the increased wear and tear on them
Excessive exercise may also suppress the immune system, making the individual more susceptible to disease
effects of too little exercise on health
Increased risk of obesity
* Increased risk of CVD
* Increased risk of diabetes
* Suppression of the immune system
* Increased levels of LDLs
what is a prostheses
missing or damaged body part replaced with an artificial version
what does anabolic steroids do
increase muscle size to give the user increased strength, speed and stamina but may lead to organ damage and increased aggression
what do stimulants do
make the user more alert and able to react faster, they will have greater endurance but it may also lead to aggressive behaviour
what are narcotic analgesics
very strong painkillers that enables users to maintain their performance despite suffering from injuries
arguments for the use of performance enhancing drugs
Athletes should have the freedom to choose
may help overcome inequalities
Competing at a higher level may only be possible for some athletes if they are using performance-enhancing drugs
Arguments against performance enhancing drugs
Many performance-enhancing drugs are illegal
unfair advantage
health risks - whether athletes are fully informed about the health risks
Explain why a higher concentration of carbon dioxide causes a change in heart rate
the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher / pH of blood is lower / eq;
detected by chemoreceptors in {medulla / carotid artery / aorta };
reference to {cardiovascular / cardiac} control centre in medulla
reference to autonomic nervous system / sympathetic nerve
more impulses to SAN / eq;
{ noradrenalin(e) / norepinephrine } released onto SAN;
SAN (excitation) rate increased / eq;
heart rate will increase / eq;
Why may epo
