Exercise Flashcards

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1
Q

What is keyhole surgery

A

small incisions are made in the skin

A small video camera is inserted into the incision, along with specialised medical instruments with which to perform the surgery

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2
Q

Benefits of keyhole surgery in comparison to conventional surgery

A

Less blood loss and scarring of the skin
Less pain after surgery and a quicker recovery
This leads to a shorter hospital stay and the patient can quickly return to doing normal activities

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3
Q

What is a cruciate ligament

A

The cruciate ligaments are found in the middle of the knee and it connects the thigh bone to the lower leg bone
The damaged ligament can be removed and replaced by a graft from another tendon in the patient’s leg or from a donor’s tendon

Attached bone to bone and allows movement and provides stability to the knee

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4
Q

how will the body provide more oxygen to cells that are contracting and removing the carbon dioxide waste product

A

Increase the rate and depth of breathing which will increase the amount of oxygen entering the lungs and bloodstream, while getting rid of more carbon dioxide

Increase the heart rate which will transport the oxygen (and glucose) to the muscles much faster, while removing the additional carbon dioxide

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5
Q

what is the breathing rate controlled by

A

ventilation centres in the medulla oblongata

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6
Q

what does the inspiratory centre control

A

the movement of air into the lungs (Inhalation)

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7
Q

what does the expiratory centre control

A

movement of air out of the lungs (exhalation)

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8
Q

what effects does inspiratory centre have in the medulla oblongata

A

sends nerve impulses along motor neurons to the intercostal muscles of the ribs and diaphragm muscles

These muscles will contract and cause the volume of the chest to increase

This lowers the air pressure in the lungs to slightly below atmospheric pressure

An impulse is also sent to the expiratory centre to inhibit its action

Due to the difference in pressure between the lungs and outside air, air will flow into the lungs

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9
Q

once nerve impulses are sent back to the medulla oblongata inhibiting the inspiratory centre what will happen to expiratory centre

A

no longer inhibited

and will sends nerve impulses to the intercostal and diaphragm muscles
These muscles will relax and cause the volume of the chest to decrease
This increases the air pressure in the lungs to slightly above atmospheric pressure
Due to the higher pressure in the lungs, air will flow out of the lungs

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10
Q

what happens as the lungs deflate

A

the stretch receptors become inactive which means that the inspiratory centre is no longer inhibited and the next breathing cycle can begin

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11
Q

when are stretch receptors stimulated

A

as they inflate with air
so during the effects of the inspiratory centre

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12
Q

what does the extra co2 produced due to the increase in the rate of respiration during exercise lead to

A

extra carbon dioxide dissolves in the blood to form carbonic acid

dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO3-)

increase in the concentration of H+ ions will decrease the pH of the blood

decrease in pH is detected by chemoreceptors

Once they are stimulated a nerve impulse is sent to the medulla oblongata

The medulla oblongata will then send more frequent nerve impulses to the intercostal and diaphragm muscles to increase the rate and strength of contractions

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13
Q

what is ventilation rate

A

volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a set time period

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14
Q

what controls in the heart rate

A

cardiovascular control centre in the medulla oblongata by controlling the rate at which the sinoatrial node (SAN) generates electrical impulses

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15
Q

what do the electrical impulses generated by the SAN cause

A

cause the atria to contract and therefore determines the rhythm of a heartbeat

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16
Q

what are baroreceptors stimulated by and where are they found

A

found in the aortic and carotid bodies and they are stimulated by high and low blood pressure

17
Q

what are chemoreceptors stimulated by and where are they found

A

found in the medulla oblongata, as well as in the aortic and carotid bodies

stimulated by changes in the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood, as well as blood pH

18
Q

what happens when either chem or baro receptor is stimulated

A

these receptors will send electrical impulses to the medulla oblongata

The cardiovascular control centre in the medulla oblongata will respond by sending impulses to the SAN along sympathetic or parasympathetic neurones

19
Q

what do sympathetic neurones do

A

increase the rate at which the SAN generates electrical impulses, thus speeding up the heart rate

20
Q

what do parasympathetic neurones do

A

decrease the rate at which the SAN fires, thus slowing down the heart rate

21
Q

how will heart respond to high blood pressure

A

Detected by baroreceptors which send impulses to cardiovascular control centre

It sends impulses along parasympathetic neurones which secrete the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Acetylcholine binds to receptors on SAN causing it to fire less frequently

Heart rate slows down and blood pressure decreases back to normal

22
Q

how will heart respond to low blood pressure

A

Detected by baroreceptors which send impulses to cardiovascular control centre

It sends impulses along sympathetic neurones which secrete the neurotransmitter noradrenaline

Noradrenaline binds to receptors on SAN causing it to fire more frequently

Heart rate speeds up and blood pressure increases back to normal

23
Q

how will heart respond to High blood O2 / Low CO2 / high pH levels

A

Detected by chemoreceptors which send impulses to cardiovascular control centre

It sends impulses along sympathetic neurones which secrete the neurotransmitter noradrenaline

Noradrenaline binds to receptors on SAN causing it to fire more frequently

Heart rate speeds up and O2 / CO2 and pH levels return to normal

24
Q

Tidal volume

A

this is the volume of air that is breathed in or out during normal breathing

25
Q

What is respiratory minute ventilation

A

volume of air that can be breathed in or out in a minute

26
Q

How is breathing distress avoided when using a spirometer

A

Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the exhaled air by soda lime in order to stop the concentration of carbon dioxide in the re-breathed air from getting too high

27
Q

what does a spirometer produce

A

a trace is drawn on a rotating drum of paper or a graph is formed digitally, which can be viewed on a computer

From this trace, the subject’s respiratory minute ventilation, tidal volume and breathing rate can all be calculated

28
Q

method for investigating the effects of exercise

A

A person at rest will breathe into the spirometer for one minute

Record the results

The person will then exercise for two minutes while the spirometer chamber is refilled with oxygen

After they stop exercising, they will immediately breathe into the spirometer for one minute

Record the results

Compare the recordings taken before and after exercising

29
Q

how can you calculate breathing rate, tidal volume from spirometer data

A

breathing rate, count the number of peaks on the trace in a minute

Tidal volume can be determined by calculating the average difference in the volume of gas between each peak and trough

30
Q

effects of too much exercise on health

A

Joints may become damaged due to the increased wear and tear on them

Excessive exercise may also suppress the immune system, making the individual more susceptible to disease

31
Q

effects of too little exercise on health

A

Increased risk of obesity
* Increased risk of CVD
* Increased risk of diabetes
* Suppression of the immune system
* Increased levels of LDLs

32
Q

what is a prostheses

A

missing or damaged body part replaced with an artificial version

33
Q

what does anabolic steroids do

A

increase muscle size to give the user increased strength, speed and stamina but may lead to organ damage and increased aggression

34
Q

what do stimulants do

A

make the user more alert and able to react faster, they will have greater endurance but it may also lead to aggressive behaviour

35
Q

what are narcotic analgesics

A

very strong painkillers that enables users to maintain their performance despite suffering from injuries

36
Q

arguments for the use of performance enhancing drugs

A

Athletes should have the freedom to choose

may help overcome inequalities

Competing at a higher level may only be possible for some athletes if they are using performance-enhancing drugs

37
Q

Arguments against performance enhancing drugs

A

Many performance-enhancing drugs are illegal

unfair advantage

health risks - whether athletes are fully informed about the health risks

38
Q

Explain why a higher concentration of carbon dioxide causes a change in heart rate

A

the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher / pH of blood is lower / eq;

detected by chemoreceptors in {medulla / carotid artery / aorta };

reference to {cardiovascular / cardiac} control centre in medulla

reference to autonomic nervous system / sympathetic nerve

more impulses to SAN / eq;
{ noradrenalin(e) / norepinephrine } released onto SAN;

SAN (excitation) rate increased / eq;
heart rate will increase / eq;

39
Q

Why may epo

A