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Biology Mock AS 2 > biodiversity > Flashcards

biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is species richness

A

number of species within an ecosystem / community

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2
Q

what is species diversity

A

number of different species in an ecosystem, and also the abundance across the different species present

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3
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

diversity of alleles and genes in the genome of species

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4
Q

how can genetic differences arise between populations of the same species

A

the two populations occupy slightly different ranges in their habitat and so are subject to slightly different selection pressures that affect the allele frequencies in their populations

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5
Q

in what type of populations is genetic diversity limited

A

in populations that are very small or isolated as inbreeding is small, isolated populations leads to a high proportion of individuals being homozygous (e.g. AA to aa) for many genes, resulting in lower genetic diversity
This can mean that genetic diseases caused by recessive alleles can become more common in these populations

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6
Q

what is endemism

A

species found in only one location

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7
Q

how are fertilisers bad for the level of biodiversity

A

Fertilisers can leach into waterways, causing eutrophication, which can lead to the death of many aquatic invertebrate and fish species

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8
Q

why are pesticides bad for the level of biodiversity

A

used on crops kill insect pests but also kill many non-target species, including important insect pollinators like bees

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9
Q

how does global warming have a threat on marine biodiversity

A

Increasing atmospheric CO₂ is leading to more CO₂ dissolving in seawater, decreasing its pH (known as ocean acidification). This is negatively affecting organisms that require calcium carbonate for shells

Increased ocean temperatures have also led to an increased frequency of coral-bleaching events, where the tiny organisms that live inside corals and help keep them alive leave due to temperature stress. Without these organisms, the corals die and are broken down, eventually leading to the loss of whole coral reefs

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10
Q

why can species richness be misleading indicator of diversity

A

as it does not take into account the number of individuals of each species

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11
Q

what is species abundance

A

measure of the relative number of individuals in the different species within a given area

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12
Q

what is random sampling used to estimate

A

The distribution of a species

The abundance of a species

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13
Q

how can sampling bias be avoided

A

Quadrats must be laid randomly in the area

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14
Q

what techniques are used for sampling animal species

A

Sweeping nets used to catch flying insects and insects that live in long grass by sweeping the net back and forth through the grass

Pitfall traps : cans or jars that are buried in the ground that are used to catch insects and other invertebrates as they fall into the trap

Kick-sampling catch freshwater invertebrates living in streams or rivers

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15
Q

what are hetrozygotes

A

Organisms that have two different alleles at a particular gene locus

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16
Q

formula for heterozygosity index

A

number of heterozygotes / number of individuals in the population

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17
Q

index of diversity formula and what happens as the number obtained gets larger

A

The larger the number obtained, the higher the level of diversity

N(N-1) / {n(n-1)

N = total no. of organisms in the community
n = total no. of organisms for a single species in the community

Step 1: Calculate N(N-1) to find value A
Step 2: Calculate n(n-1) for each species and add all these numbers together to find value B
Step 3: Divide value A by value B

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18
Q

what is a niche

A

The role that a species plays within its habitat

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19
Q

what happens if two species try occupy same niche

A

compete with each other for the same resources
One of the species will be more successful and out-compete the other species until only one species is left and the other is either forced to occupy a new, slightly different niche or to go extinct from the habitat

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20
Q

three types of features of an organism that increase their chances of surviving and reproducing

A

Anatomical, which refers to structural features

Behavioural, which refers to behaviours such as courtship of defensive behaviours

Physiological, which refers to processes inside the body, such as venom production or the ability to digest cellulose

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21
Q

how can selection pressures increase chance of individuals with specific phenotypes surviving and reproducing over others

A

advantageous alleles that code for the favourable phenotype will be passed on to offspring

When selection pressures act over several generations of a species, they have an effect on the frequency of alleles in a population through natural selection

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22
Q

what conditions must be met for Hardy Weinberg principle to be true

A

Mating must be random between individuals
The population is infinitely large
There is no migration, mutation or natural selection

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23
Q

what is hardy weinberg principle

A

allele frequencies of a gene within a population will not change from one generation to the next

24
Q

what is the letter for
homozygous dominant
homozygous recessive

A

p2
q2

25
Q

what is reproductive isolation

A

when changes in the alleles and phenotypes of some individuals in a population prevent them from successfully breeding with other individuals in the population that don’t have these changed alleles or phenotypes

26
Q

3 causes to reproductive isolation

A

Seasonal changes - some individuals in a population may develop different mating or flowering seasons to rest of population

Mechanical changes - some individuals in a population may develop changes in their genitalia that prevent them from mating successfully with individuals of the opposite sex

Behavioural changes - some individuals in a population may develop changes in their courtship behaviours, meaning they can no longer attract individuals of the opposite sex for mating

27
Q

how does speciation occur

A

when populations of a species become separated from each other by geographical barriers

creates two populations of the same species who are geographically isolated from each other, and as a result, no gene exchange can occur between them

If there are sufficient selection pressures acting to change the gene pools (and allele frequencies) within both populations then eventually these populations will diverge and form separate species

The changes in the alleles/genes of each population will affect the phenotypes present in both populations
Random mutations within each population will also change allele frequencies in each
Over time, the two populations may begin to differ physiologically, behaviourally and anatomically

28
Q

what is each group called when grouping organisms

A

taxa

29
Q

what type of species are grouped together in the same genus

A

different species with similar genotypes and phenotypes

30
Q

why are species in the same genus seperate species

A

because they cannot produce fertile offspring
This is known as the species concept

31
Q

what are the 3 domains

A

Archaea (prokaryotes)
Bacteria (prokaryotes)
Eukarya (eukaryotes)

32
Q

what is phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of different groups of organisms and can specify how closely related they are

33
Q

what does molecular phylogeny rely on

A

similarities or differences of molecules (such as DNA, RNA or proteins) between groups of organisms to determine how closely related they are

The more similar the molecules, the more recent the common ancestor is that they share

34
Q

how do seed banks conserve plant diversity

A

drying and storing seeds in a temperature-controlled environment

seeds of the same species are collected from different sites to maintain genetic diversity

After a certain period of time the stored seeds are grown into plants and fresh seeds for storage are taken from those plants

X-rayed to check for { viability / viable embryos

35
Q

advantage of seed bank

A

It provides an opportunity to investigate how to successfully grow plants from seeds

They provide a stock of endangered plants that could be useful to humans (e.g. medicinal plant species, crop plant species) taking pressure off of wild populations

36
Q

disadvantage of seed banks

A

testing for viability is expensive and time consuming

37
Q

what are the problems with zoos

A

Captive breeding of small species populations can reduce genetic diversity

ethics of keeping animals in captivity

38
Q

benefits and negatives of reintroduction

A

prevent them from going extinct in the wild
Organisms that rely on these plants and animals for food or habitat may also benefit from their presence

These organisms may carry new diseases that will harm other organisms living in that habitat
Reintroduced animals may lack the ability to find food or communicate effectively with members of their own species

39
Q

why is the use of protected reserves more successful for conservation of animals over captive breeding

A

less stress and trauma

natural interspecific relationships exist

disease is less likely to wipe population

animals more likely to breed in natural environment

40
Q

two differences between genetic diversity and species richness

A

idea that, GD considers one species but SR considers {different / number} species ;

  1. idea that, GD considers {alleles / genotypes / eq} but SR is within a {habitat / area
41
Q

why is it better to store seeds from several individual plants of one species rather than seeds from one individual plant

A

idea of {greater / maintain} genetic variety e.g. wider gene pool, different alleles;

idea of less chance of inbreeding;

idea of reducing chance of storing seeds with {low viability / disease / eg} ;

42
Q

2 reasons why seeds need to be dried then stored in cold conditions

A

inhibits germination / eq;

  1. idea of slowing down {enzymes / biochemical reactions};
  2. slows down rate of { decay / microbial activity / eg } ;
  3. (therefore) prolongs seed survival / eq;
  4. idea that drying reduces freezing effect ;
43
Q

how does inbreeding lead to genetic defects

A

closely-related mated with each other / a small gene pool / eq;

  • reference to inbreeding depression;
  • idea of increased chance of homozygous recessive genotypes for genetic defects;
44
Q

factors needed to be taken into account when zoos carry out captive breeding and reintroduction programmes for greater flamingo

A

maintenance of genetic diversity (1)

by { selection of mates / use of stud books } (1)

(use of stud books in order) to prevent {inbreeding depression / genetic drift } (1)

habitat protected (from development) (1)

relevant requirement of area into which flamingos reintroduced (1)

45
Q

what is biodiversity

A

{number / range / variety / eq} of species;
2. genetic variety within a species / number of different alleles in a {species / gene pool} ;

46
Q

Suggest advantages of selecting seeds of different sizes for long-term storage.

A

idea of maintaining or increasing {genetic diversity / size of gene pool / genetic variation} ;
2. idea of more chance of having beneficial alleles / eg:
3. increases chance of future survival {if environment changes / due to higher adaptability } / eq;
4. less chance of all being susceptible to a disease

47
Q

Describe what the seedbank will do with these seeds to ensure the long-term
conservation of the species.

A

details of assessment of seed viability e.g. only select seeds with a living embryo, use of X ray (to detect embryo presence) / eq;

  1. idea of {cleaning seeds / surface sterilisation / eq} ;
  2. idea of drying (of the seed) ;
  3. idea of storing at low temperatures;
  4. idea of regularly testing viability (during storage of seed);
  5. idea of what to do if viability decreases, e.g. if less than 75% germinate collect fresh seed for storage;
48
Q

describe how zoos use captive breeding and reintroduction to conserve rare species

A

to increase numbers/population size;
2. to {maintain / increase} genetic diversity/ reduce genetic drift / eq;
3. protect from {predators / poachers

inter-zoo animal movement / eq;
5. selection of mates / use of stud books / records kept of breeding programme / eq;
6. process involved described e.g. IVF

preparation for reintroduction described e.g. idea of reinforcing wild behaviour / idea of hacking out / reduce food intake to encourage hunting;
select {habitat / reserves} ;
raise {awareness / education? of local population

49
Q

what is difference between genetic diversity and species richness

A

GD considers one species but SR
considers {different / number} species

50
Q

Suggest two reasons why it is better to store seeds rather than to store whole
plants.

A

take {less / smaller} space / eq ;
2. can have more individuals / eq ;
3. reference to {greater / more} genetic variety ;
4. idea of less {maintenance / cost} ;
5. likely to survive longer / eq ;
6. can freeze seeds / eq

51
Q

why it is better to store seeds from several individual plants of one
species rather than seeds from one individual plant.

A

idea of {greater / maintain} genetic variety
e.g. wider gene pool, different alleles ;
2. idea of less chance of inbreeding ;
3. idea of reducing chance of storing seeds with
{low viability / disease / eq} ;

52
Q

what effect transferring Rafa from one zoo to another had on genetic
diversity in this species.

A

Increase genetic diversity allows outbreeding and mating with genetically different individuals

53
Q

Suggest why seed germination is tested at regular intervals.

A

idea that checking {seed viability /
germination success / eq } ;
2. allows new seeds to be produced / eq ;
3. idea that stored seeds may need replacing
e.g. due to decay / death

54
Q

Describe how breeding programmes at zoos are designed to reduce the risk
of inbreeding.

A

selection of { unrelated / genetically different }
mates / eq ;
2. use of stud books / records of mating / DNA profiling
/ eq ;
3. exchange of animals between zoos / eq ;
4. exchange of gametes between zoos / eq ;
5. IVF / AI / eq ;

55
Q
A

Biology Mock AS 2 (23 decks)

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