Exercise 1 (microscope & intro to bacteria) Flashcards
What is microbiology?
The science and study of small living organisms.
Microbiology word roots (in Greek):
-micro (micron)= small -bio= life/living -logy= study/science
What is a microorganism (microbe)?
-minute/small living organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. -Or organisms too mall to be seen without a microscope.
Microscope- Arm
For carrying the microscope.
Microscope- Base
Supports microscope.
Microscope- Eyepiece (ocular)
Magnifies the object 10X (this microscope is binocular because it contains 2 ocular lenses.)
Microscope- Diopter ring
For adjusting the focus to the users eyes.
Microscope- Width adjustment
Adjusts distance between ocular lenses to match the distance between eyes of viewer.
Microscope- Revolving nosepiece
For rotating the objectives into viewing position.
Microscope- Objectives
4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x lens that magnify the specimen.
Microscope- Stage
Platform that holds the microscope slide and slide holder.
Microscope- Condenser
Lens that condenses the light before it passes through the specimen.
Microscope- Iris diaphragm
Controls the amount of light that passes through the condenser lens.
Microscope- Daylight filter
Blue filter that provides a short wavelength for maximum resolution.
Microscope- Light source
Lamp that illuminates specimen.
Microscope- Forward/backward and lateral stage motion knobs
For moving the slide with the specimen.
Microscope- Fine and coarse focusing knobs
For focusing the specimen.
Microscope
- Eyepiece
- Diopter ring
- .
- Revolving nosepiece
- Objective lenses
- Stage
- Condenser
- Iris diaphragm
- Daylight filter
- Base
- Light source
Microscope
- Forward/backward storage motion know
Lateral stage motion know
- Coarse focus knob
Fine focus knob
- Condenser focus knob
- Bright control dial/power switch
Robert Hooke
1665
Published “Micrographia,” containing observations of biological materials made with compound microscope. Proposed cell theory
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1676
was the first to observe live microorganisms through a simple single-lens microscope (magnifying 300x).
Ernst Ruska
1931
Constructed the first electron microscope.
He received Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986
Spontaneous Generation
The hypothesis that living organisms are from nonliving mater.
Example: Flies emerge from manure, maggots could arise from decaying corpses.
John Needam
1745
Put boiled nutreint broth into covered flasks and observed microbial growth; concluded microbes developed spontaneously from the fluids.
Biogenesis
The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life.
Louis Pasteur
1861
Disproved that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation.
He used swan-necked flasks in his experiment.
This eventually lead to: Development of sterilization and aseptic technique.
Ignaz Semmelweiss
1847
Hungarian physician who said that doctors were spreading child bed fever while delivering babies. He started forcing doctors under his supervision to wash their hands before touching patients.
Louis Pasteur
1857
Proposed the “germ theory” of disease.
Joseph Lister
1867
Introduced antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid (phenol) on surgical instruments, wounds and dressings, he reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial infection considerably.
Robert Koch
1876
German bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature.
Building on Pasteur’s “germ theory,” he subsequently published “Koch’s postulates” (1884), the critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a disease.
Robin Warren & Barry Marshall
1982
Identified Helicobacter pylori. They contended that most stomach ulcers and gastritis were caused by colonization with this bacterium, not by stress or spicy food as had been assumed before.
