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Bio 20 > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Kidneys

A
  1. Regulates extracellular fluid
  2. Regulates concentration of waste products
  3. Regulates concentration of electrolytes
  4. Balances blood pH
  5. Balances water in body
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2
Q

Waste products in Urine

A
  1. Ammonia
  2. Urea
  3. Uric Acid
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3
Q

5 Parts of Urinary System

A
  1. Renal Arteries
  2. Kidneys
  3. Ureters
  4. Bladder
  5. Urethra
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4
Q

4 Parts of Kidneys

A

Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, Nephron

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5
Q

What are peritubular capillaries?

A

Small blood vessels surrounding the tubule of the nephron.

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6
Q

Afferent vs. Efferent Arterioles

A

Afferent: Brings blood INTO the glomerulus. Located in the cortex. (Unfiltered blood from heart)

Efferent: Brings blood OUT of the glomerulus. Located in cortex. (Filtered blood to rest of the body)

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7
Q

Difference of Glomerulus and normal capillary beds.

A

Glomerulus has high blood pressure and is not the site of gas exchange. It is the site of filtration. Creates filtrate.

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8
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

Cup-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus. Receives filtrate to be turned into urine under high pressure.

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9
Q

Difference between proximal and distal tubule.

A

Proximal is closest to the glomerulus and is the site of majority of reabsorption.

Distal is the furthest to the glomerulus and carries filtrate to the collecting duct.

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10
Q

Descending Loop of Henle vs. Ascending Loop of Henle

A

Descending: Going down, reabsorbs water.

Ascending: Going up, reabsorbs NaCl (salt)

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11
Q

1 mL of Urine is formed from every _____ mL of filtrate.

A

120 mL

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12
Q

Filtrate includes:

A

Water, urea, glucose, amino acids, salts

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13
Q

Functions of Urine Formation

A
  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • Secretion
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14
Q

Filtration:

A

Movement of fluid from the blood into the Bowman’s capsule.

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15
Q

Reabsorption:

A

Transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron back into the blood.

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16
Q

Secretion:

A

Transport of materials from the blood into the nephron. (Goes back to the nephron to get filtered again)

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17
Q

What things are too large to be filtered?

A

Plasma proteins, blood cells and platelets.

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18
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

Glomerulus (high-pressure filter system)

19
Q

Molecules that are reabsorbed from the nephron go back into the blood via _______________

A

The peritubular capillaries

20
Q

What is absorbed in the proximal tubule?

A
  • NaCl (active)
  • H2O (passive)
  • Nutrients (active)
  • K+ (passive)
  • HCO3 (passive)
21
Q

What is reabsorbed in the loop of henle?

A

Descending: H2O (passive)

Ascending: NaCl (passive and active)

22
Q

What is reabsorbed at the distal tubule?

A
  • NaCl (active)
  • HCO3 (active)
  • H2O (passive)
23
Q

What is reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

A
  • Urea (passive)
  • H2O (passive)
  • NaCl (active)
24
Q

Where does 65% of reabsorption take place?

A

Proximal Tubule

25
Q

What is secreted in the proximal tubule?

A
  • Hydrogen ions (active)

- NH3 (passive)

26
Q

What is secreted in the distal tubule?

A
  • K+/Potassium ions (active)

- H+/Hydrogen ions (active)

27
Q

What does urine contain?

A

Water, salt, urea, uric acid, minerals.

28
Q

Where does ADH act?

A

Distal tubule and collecting duct.

29
Q

Where is ADH produced?

A

The hypothalamus.

30
Q

What is ADH short for? What does it do?

A

Antidiuretic hormone. Tells your body to hold onto water when you are dehydrated, if not released, you pee a lot. Causes concentrated urine.

31
Q

Osmoreceptors do what?

A

Located in the hypothalamus, detects changes in osmotic pressure. (How concentrated your blood is)

32
Q

What is the role of aldosterone?

A

Increases salt absorption which increases water absorption.

33
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Type 1 & 2 diabetes.

  • Not enough insulin.
  • High blood sugar which draws water to nephron. (Water follows solute)
  • People pee large volumes of urine containing sugars and water.

Treated by insulin injections

34
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A
  • Inadequate ADH production.
  • Causes lots of peeing which and not enough water reabsorption.

-Treated by synthetic ADH

35
Q

Nephritis

A
  • Inflammation of nephron.
  • Causes damage and reduces blood pressure in glomerulus and allows large proteins to pass through.
  • Can pee out blood
36
Q

Kidney Stones

A

Precipitate formed from minerals in the blood.

37
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Dialysis machine passes blood through semi-permeable tubes. Tubes are submerged into various solutes filters out stuff through passive transport.

38
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis

A

Dialysis fluid pumped into abdominal cavity to absorb waste products. Drained 4-5 times per day.

39
Q

Story of Kidney

A

Artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, descending loop of henle, ascending loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct

40
Q

Define Renal arteries

A

Carry blood to kidneys from abdominal aorta

41
Q

Define Kidneys (include ureters)

A

Filters wastes from the blood and pass to Ureters (long ducts) which pass it along to the Bladder

42
Q

Define Urethra

A

Carries urine from bladder to exterior of body

43
Q

Define Renal Pelvis

A

Hollow area where kidney joins the ureter. Collects urine and transports it to ureters

44
Q

Define Collecting ducts

A
  • Tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis

- Collecting ducts from many nephrons merge into renal pelvis -> ureter-> bladder

Bio 20 (3 decks)

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