excretory system

Question 1

parts of a nephron in order

Answer 1

glomerulus, (technically no)
Bowman’s capsule
proximal tubule
descending loop of Henle
ascending loop of Henle
distal tubule
collecting duct

Question 2

three steps to form urine

Answer 2

1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion

Question 3

where does urea come from

Answer 3

is produced by the liver to eliminate ammonia

Question 4

filtration

Answer 4

dissolved solutes pass through the glomerulus into the Bowman’s Capsule (filtration based on size)

Question 5

reabsorption

Answer 5

throughout the nephron, all useful/ required materials (such as salt and water) are reabsorbed into the body

Question 6

reabsorption happens how

Answer 6

through passive and active transport

Question 7

secretion

Answer 7

few waste products left int he efferent arteriole can get secreted into the nephron at the distal tubule

Question 8

how is uric acid made?

Answer 8

formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids

Question 9

ADH abbreviation

Answer 9

Antidiuretic hormone

Question 10

what does ADH help regulate

Answer 10

blood OSMOTIC pressure

Question 11

Process of ADH

Answer 11

• osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus shrink due to loss of water
• hypothalamus sends message to pituitary gland to release ADH
• ADH allows for water to be reabsorbed by making the tubule membranes for permeable
• released water enters circulation and makes the blood less thick

Question 12

alternative function to adjust blood osmotic pressure

Answer 12

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus can send a behavioral signal to make you thristy

Question 13

Regulating blood pressure and blood volume (in response to injury/blood loss): the pressure detector

Answer 13

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 14

Process of regulating blood pressure/volume

Answer 14

• juxtaglomerular apparatus detects low blood pressure or volume (dehydration or blood loss)
• specialized cells in the apparatus make renin
• renin combines with angiotensinogen (which is already in the blood) to make angiotensin

Question 15

what is the pathway of angiotensin (adrenal gland)

Answer 15

• angiotensin can stimulate aldosterone from the adrenal gland
• aldosterone is carried to the kidney through the blood
• acts on nephrons to increase Na and H2O reabsorption (H2O helps increase blood volume/pressure

Question 16

what is the pathway of angiotensin (direct path)

Answer 16

angiotensin can cause constriction of blood vessels (narrow the tubes to increase blood pressure)

Question 17

impact of alchohol on ADH

Answer 17

ethanol inhibits ADH
so, any remaining water in your body will be peed out, resulting in headaches + other symptoms

Question 18

why do urea and ammonia levels generally increase after filtration

Answer 18

its not that it increases, its that the concentration increases
- after filtration, water is reabsorbed back into the body at the descending loop of Henle. Thus, the [urea + ammonia] will increase