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Excretory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define excretion

A

It is the removal of harmful and unwanted nitrogenous waste products from the body

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2
Q

Excretion play an important role in

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

What constitutes the excretory system

A

Organs concerned with formation, storage and elimination of urine

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4
Q

What r the substances which needs to be eliminated from our body

A
  1. Carbon di oxide and water
  2. Nitrogenous wastes
  3. Excess salts
  4. water
  5. Bile pigments
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5
Q

When cells liberate ATP, what is the by product

A

CO2 , H20

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6
Q

CO2 is excreted via

A

Lungs

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7
Q

Excess H2O is excreted in the form of

A

sweat

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8
Q

Name three nitrogenous wastes

A

Urea , Uric acid, Ammonia

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9
Q

Nitrogenous waste is mainly produced in

A

Liver

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10
Q

How is urea produced

A

Excess amino acid is broken down into usable glucose and urea

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11
Q

Urea is excreted through

A

Kidneys

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12
Q

Name two water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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13
Q

Bilirubin is ___ in colour

A

Yellow

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14
Q

What is bilirubin

A

It is the breakdown product of haemoglobin of dead RBCs

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15
Q

What does the liver do with the bilirubin

A

Liver extracts it and secretes it into bile juice which is poured into duodenum. the intestine changes it into a pigment which gives faeces the yellowish brown colour

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16
Q

Primary excretory organ

A

Kidney

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17
Q

Name the accessory excretory organs

A

Lungs, skin, liver

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18
Q

What role does liver play in excretion

A

It detoxifies ammonia by turning into urea

It breaks down alcohol, nicotine and drugs

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19
Q

Sweat consists of

A

Excess water, Nacl, some urea and lactic acid

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20
Q

Why is skin truly not excretory

A

Bcoz it gives out sweat only when required for cooling the body

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21
Q

Kidney’s shape

A

Bean shaped

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22
Q

Dimensions of a kidney

A

10 cm long

6 cm wide

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23
Q

location of kidney

A

on either side of the backbone, protected by the last two ribs

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24
Q

which kidney is lower than the other and why

A

Right kidney to accommodate the liver

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25
Q

Hilum is located in

A

Median surface of kidney

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26
Q

Location of ureter

A

Arises from hilum and connects behind with urinary bladder

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27
Q

Location of urinary bladder

A

Lower part of abdomen

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28
Q

function of ureter

A

carry the urine from the kidney to the bladder

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29
Q

Front end of ureter expands into

A

Pelvis

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30
Q

Function of urethra

A

Allows urine to pass outside the body

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31
Q

Function of sphincter muscle

A
  1. it guards the opening of urinary bladder into urethra

2. it relaxes at the time of urination under an impulse from the brain

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32
Q

Function of urinary bladder

A

Temporarily stores urine

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33
Q

Opening of ureter is projected and acts like ___ and its function

A

Valves - prevent backflow of urine when bladder contracts

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34
Q

Outer dark portion of kidney

A

Cortex

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35
Q

Inner light portion of kidney

A

Medulla

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36
Q

Medulla is composed of

A

Renal/conical pyramids

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37
Q

Apex of renal pyramid

A

Papilla

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38
Q

Papillae project into

A

Pelvis

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39
Q

Cortical tissue between renal pyramid

A

Renal column

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40
Q

kidney is composed of a number of

A

Uriniferous tubules

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41
Q

Other names for Uriniferous tubules

A

Nephron

Renal tubule

42
Q

Structural and functional unit of kidney

A

Nephron

43
Q

Thin walled cup

A

Bowman’s capsule

44
Q

Bowman’s capsule’s outer concavity lodges

A

Glomerulus

45
Q

Glomerulus is a

A

Knot like mass of blood capillaries

46
Q

Collective term for Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

A

Malpighian capsule / renal capsule

47
Q

PCT

A

Proximal convoluted tube

48
Q

Why does cortex have dotted appearance

A

Due to presence of Malpighian capsule and convoluted tubules

49
Q

middle U shaped part extending from PCT and continuing as DCT

A

Loop of Henle

50
Q

DCT

A

Distal convoluted tubule

51
Q

DCT opens into

A

Collecting duct

52
Q

Function of collecting duct

A

Receives content of many nephrons and pours it into pelvis as urine

53
Q

Why does medulla have a striped appearance

A

Due to presence of Henle’s loop and collecting duct

54
Q

Blood vessel entering Bowman’s capsule

A

Afferent arteriole

55
Q

Blood vessel reuniting from glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

56
Q

Efferent arteriole breaks up into secondary capillary network called

A

Vasa Recta

57
Q

Efferent arteriole is ____(narrower/wider) than afferent arteriole

A

Narrower

58
Q

Blood flows through glomerulus under high/low pressure

A

High

59
Q

Why blood flows under extreme pressure in glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole is narrower than afferent arteriole

60
Q

Bcoz of this high hydrostatic pressure, what happens

A

Causes liquid part of blood to filter out

61
Q

Filtration under great pressure

A

Ultrafiltration

62
Q

Function of Bowman’s capsule

A

Receives glomerular filtrate

63
Q

Glomerular filtrate consists of

A

Water, urea, salts, glucose , other solutes

64
Q

Thicker part left behind in glomerulus consists of

A

RBC, WBC, proteins and other large molecules

65
Q

Blood going away from glomerulus is thick/thin

A

Thick

66
Q

Glomerular filtrate is not urine. Why

A

Bcoz it contains useful materials like glucose, and salt of sodium

67
Q

What is reabsorption?

A

As glomerular filtrate passes down the tubule, much of the water and useful materials are reabsorbed

68
Q

Why is reabsorption called selective ?

A

Bcoz the water reabsorbed is only to the extent that normal conc. of blood is not changed

69
Q

Where is much of the water reabsorbed

A

PCT

70
Q

Function of PCT

A
  1. Reabsorbs most of the water , glucose , sodium and chloride ions
71
Q

Function of Loop of Henle

A

Reabsorption of some water and sodium ions

72
Q

Function of DCT

A

Walls of DCT secret K+ ions and penicillin in to the urine

Reabsorbs remaining chlorides and some of the water

73
Q

Why is tubular secretion called so

A

Bcoz it is the activity of cells of tubular wall

74
Q

Define Urine

A

Filtrate left after reabsorption and tubular secretion

75
Q

How much more oxygen does kidney use when compared to muscles

A

6 to 7 times more as the urine formation steps need lot of energy

76
Q

What two forces contribute to movement of urine through ureter

A

Ureteral peristalsis, Gravity

77
Q

What is ureteral peristalsis

A

waves of constriction in ureters

78
Q

Excretion of urine is called

A

Micturition

79
Q

What colour is urine and why

A

Clear yellow - Urochrome

80
Q

Odour of standing urine

A

Ammonia like

81
Q

name three organic wastes

A

Urea, uric acid, creatinine

82
Q

Name three inorganic wastes

A

NH3, NaCl, KCl

83
Q

Condition in which blood passes with urine

A

Haematuria

84
Q

Condition in which excess glucose passes with urine

A

Glycosuria

85
Q

Condition in which Albumin proteins pass through Urine

A

Albuminuria

86
Q

Cause of Glycosuria

A

Diabetes mellitus

87
Q

Cause of Haematuria

A

Infection in urinary tract

Kidney stones / tumour

88
Q

Cause of albuminuria

A
  1. High B.P

2. Increased permeability of bowman’s capsule `

89
Q

Which blood vessel is free of nitrogenous waste but blood is deoxygenated

A

Renal vein

90
Q

Oxygenated but full of nitrogenous waste

A

Renal artery

91
Q

Conc. of urine is regulated by

A

ADH - Anti diuretic hormone

92
Q

Where is ADH secreted

A

Posterior lobe of pituitary gland

93
Q

When ADH secretion reduces,

A

Production of urine is increased

94
Q

Increased production of urine is called

A

Diuresis

95
Q

Substance which cause diuresis

A

Diuretics . ex: tea, alcohol

96
Q

Cause of kidney stone

A

Excess uric acid, calcium oxalate

97
Q

Cause of gout

A

Deposition of Uric acid in Joints

98
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

Regulation of osmotic pressure of blood

99
Q

In summer, we drink lots of water but we urinate few times and urine is thick . Why

A

In summer, we lose considerable amount of water via perspiration so kidneys reabsorb lots of water from urine thus making it concentrated

100
Q

Artificial kidney

A

Dialysis machine

101
Q

In dialysis machines, blood is taken from which artery

A

Radial artery

102
Q

In case of permanent damage, how many times should dialysis be done

A

12 HRS 2 times a week

Biology (3 decks)

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