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Excretory system Flashcards

1
Q

Define excretion

A

It is the removal of harmful and unwanted nitrogenous waste products from the body

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2
Q

Excretion play an important role in

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

What constitutes the excretory system

A

Organs concerned with formation, storage and elimination of urine

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4
Q

What r the substances which needs to be eliminated from our body

A
  1. Carbon di oxide and water
  2. Nitrogenous wastes
  3. Excess salts
  4. water
  5. Bile pigments
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5
Q

When cells liberate ATP, what is the by product

A

CO2 , H20

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6
Q

CO2 is excreted via

A

Lungs

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7
Q

Excess H2O is excreted in the form of

A

sweat

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8
Q

Name three nitrogenous wastes

A

Urea , Uric acid, Ammonia

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9
Q

Nitrogenous waste is mainly produced in

A

Liver

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10
Q

How is urea produced

A

Excess amino acid is broken down into usable glucose and urea

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11
Q

Urea is excreted through

A

Kidneys

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12
Q

Name two water soluble vitamins

A

B and C

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13
Q

Bilirubin is ___ in colour

A

Yellow

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14
Q

What is bilirubin

A

It is the breakdown product of haemoglobin of dead RBCs

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15
Q

What does the liver do with the bilirubin

A

Liver extracts it and secretes it into bile juice which is poured into duodenum. the intestine changes it into a pigment which gives faeces the yellowish brown colour

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16
Q

Primary excretory organ

A

Kidney

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17
Q

Name the accessory excretory organs

A

Lungs, skin, liver

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18
Q

What role does liver play in excretion

A

It detoxifies ammonia by turning into urea

It breaks down alcohol, nicotine and drugs

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19
Q

Sweat consists of

A

Excess water, Nacl, some urea and lactic acid

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20
Q

Why is skin truly not excretory

A

Bcoz it gives out sweat only when required for cooling the body

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21
Q

Kidney’s shape

A

Bean shaped

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22
Q

Dimensions of a kidney

A

10 cm long

6 cm wide

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23
Q

location of kidney

A

on either side of the backbone, protected by the last two ribs

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24
Q

which kidney is lower than the other and why

A

Right kidney to accommodate the liver

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25
Hilum is located in
Median surface of kidney
26
Location of ureter
Arises from hilum and connects behind with urinary bladder
27
Location of urinary bladder
Lower part of abdomen
28
function of ureter
carry the urine from the kidney to the bladder
29
Front end of ureter expands into
Pelvis
30
Function of urethra
Allows urine to pass outside the body
31
Function of sphincter muscle
1. it guards the opening of urinary bladder into urethra | 2. it relaxes at the time of urination under an impulse from the brain
32
Function of urinary bladder
Temporarily stores urine
33
Opening of ureter is projected and acts like ___ and its function
Valves - prevent backflow of urine when bladder contracts
34
Outer dark portion of kidney
Cortex
35
Inner light portion of kidney
Medulla
36
Medulla is composed of
Renal/conical pyramids
37
Apex of renal pyramid
Papilla
38
Papillae project into
Pelvis
39
Cortical tissue between renal pyramid
Renal column
40
kidney is composed of a number of
Uriniferous tubules
41
Other names for Uriniferous tubules
Nephron | Renal tubule
42
Structural and functional unit of kidney
Nephron
43
Thin walled cup
Bowman's capsule
44
Bowman's capsule's outer concavity lodges
Glomerulus
45
Glomerulus is a
Knot like mass of blood capillaries
46
Collective term for Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
Malpighian capsule / renal capsule
47
PCT
Proximal convoluted tube
48
Why does cortex have dotted appearance
Due to presence of Malpighian capsule and convoluted tubules
49
middle U shaped part extending from PCT and continuing as DCT
Loop of Henle
50
DCT
Distal convoluted tubule
51
DCT opens into
Collecting duct
52
Function of collecting duct
Receives content of many nephrons and pours it into pelvis as urine
53
Why does medulla have a striped appearance
Due to presence of Henle's loop and collecting duct
54
Blood vessel entering Bowman's capsule
Afferent arteriole
55
Blood vessel reuniting from glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
56
Efferent arteriole breaks up into secondary capillary network called
Vasa Recta
57
Efferent arteriole is ____(narrower/wider) than afferent arteriole
Narrower
58
Blood flows through glomerulus under high/low pressure
High
59
Why blood flows under extreme pressure in glomerulus
Efferent arteriole is narrower than afferent arteriole
60
Bcoz of this high hydrostatic pressure, what happens
Causes liquid part of blood to filter out
61
Filtration under great pressure
Ultrafiltration
62
Function of Bowman's capsule
Receives glomerular filtrate
63
Glomerular filtrate consists of
Water, urea, salts, glucose , other solutes
64
Thicker part left behind in glomerulus consists of
RBC, WBC, proteins and other large molecules
65
Blood going away from glomerulus is thick/thin
Thick
66
Glomerular filtrate is not urine. Why
Bcoz it contains useful materials like glucose, and salt of sodium
67
What is reabsorption?
As glomerular filtrate passes down the tubule, much of the water and useful materials are reabsorbed
68
Why is reabsorption called selective ?
Bcoz the water reabsorbed is only to the extent that normal conc. of blood is not changed
69
Where is much of the water reabsorbed
PCT
70
Function of PCT
1. Reabsorbs most of the water , glucose , sodium and chloride ions
71
Function of Loop of Henle
Reabsorption of some water and sodium ions
72
Function of DCT
Walls of DCT secret K+ ions and penicillin in to the urine | Reabsorbs remaining chlorides and some of the water
73
Why is tubular secretion called so
Bcoz it is the activity of cells of tubular wall
74
Define Urine
Filtrate left after reabsorption and tubular secretion
75
How much more oxygen does kidney use when compared to muscles
6 to 7 times more as the urine formation steps need lot of energy
76
What two forces contribute to movement of urine through ureter
Ureteral peristalsis, Gravity
77
What is ureteral peristalsis
waves of constriction in ureters
78
Excretion of urine is called
Micturition
79
What colour is urine and why
Clear yellow - Urochrome
80
Odour of standing urine
Ammonia like
81
name three organic wastes
Urea, uric acid, creatinine
82
Name three inorganic wastes
NH3, NaCl, KCl
83
Condition in which blood passes with urine
Haematuria
84
Condition in which excess glucose passes with urine
Glycosuria
85
Condition in which Albumin proteins pass through Urine
Albuminuria
86
Cause of Glycosuria
Diabetes mellitus
87
Cause of Haematuria
Infection in urinary tract | Kidney stones / tumour
88
Cause of albuminuria
1. High B.P | 2. Increased permeability of bowman's capsule `
89
Which blood vessel is free of nitrogenous waste but blood is deoxygenated
Renal vein
90
Oxygenated but full of nitrogenous waste
Renal artery
91
Conc. of urine is regulated by
ADH - Anti diuretic hormone
92
Where is ADH secreted
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
93
When ADH secretion reduces,
Production of urine is increased
94
Increased production of urine is called
Diuresis
95
Substance which cause diuresis
Diuretics . ex: tea, alcohol
96
Cause of kidney stone
Excess uric acid, calcium oxalate
97
Cause of gout
Deposition of Uric acid in Joints
98
What is osmoregulation
Regulation of osmotic pressure of blood
99
In summer, we drink lots of water but we urinate few times and urine is thick . Why
In summer, we lose considerable amount of water via perspiration so kidneys reabsorb lots of water from urine thus making it concentrated
100
Artificial kidney
Dialysis machine
101
In dialysis machines, blood is taken from which artery
Radial artery
102
In case of permanent damage, how many times should dialysis be done
12 HRS 2 times a week

Biology (3 decks)

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