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Circulatory system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name the two circulating fluids

A

Blood and Lymph

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2
Q

Another name for tissue fluid

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

Name two lymphatic organs

A

Spleen and tonsil

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4
Q

Fluid present in skeletal joints : _________

Fluid present in eye : _____

A

Synovial fluid

Vitreous humour

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5
Q

pH of Blood

A

7.3 to 7.45 `

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6
Q

Process by which blood is formed

A

Haemopoesis

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7
Q

90% of plasma is made of

A

Water

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8
Q

Plasma from which fibrinogen is removed

A

Serum

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9
Q

RBCs are also called :
WBCs are also called:
Platelets are also called:

A

Erythrocyte
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte

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10
Q

Shape of RBCs

A

Biconcave disc like structure

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11
Q

No. of RBCs/ mm^3 in adult male and female

A

5 million, 4.5 million

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12
Q

Effective chemical constituent of RBCs

A

Haemoglobin

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13
Q

Haemoglobin is present in ____ of RBCs

A

Stroma

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14
Q

Haemoglobin with CO2 and CO

A

CO2 - Carbaminohaemoglobin

CO - Carboxyhaemoglobin

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15
Q

RBCS in embryo are produced in

A

Liver and spleen

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16
Q

RBCS in children up to 5 yrs are produced in

A

bone marrow of all bones

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17
Q

RBCS in adults are produced in

A

Bone marrow of long bones - rib, breast bone, ilium of hip girdle

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18
Q

avg life of RBCs

A

120 days

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19
Q

old RBCs are destroyed in

A

Spleen, liver, bone marrow

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20
Q

three organelles which mature RBC lacks

A

Nucleus, mitochondria, ER

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21
Q

RBC count lowers by ___% during sleep

A

5

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22
Q

Abnormal increase in number of RBCs

A

Polycythaemia

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23
Q

Abnormal decrease in the number of RBCs

A

Erythropenia

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24
Q

no of WBCs / mm^3 of blood

A

4000-8000

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25
Q

process by which WBCs can squeeze through walls of capillaries into tissues

A

Diapedesis

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26
Q

WBCs are mainly produced in

A

Red bone marrow and lymph nodes

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27
Q

avg life of WBCs

A

2 weeks

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28
Q

life of neutrophils

A

few hours

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29
Q

abnormal decrease in number of WBCs

A

Leukopenia

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30
Q

Cancer of tissue forming WBCs resulting in its increase at the cost of RBCs

A

Leukaemia

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31
Q

two major categories of WBCs

A

Granular and non granular

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32
Q

How is the nucleus in granular WBCs

A

Lobed

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33
Q

How is the nucleus in non-granular WBCs

A

Single large

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34
Q

multi-lobed WBC

A

Neutrophil

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35
Q

function of neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis

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36
Q

neutrophils stain with __ dyes

A

neutral

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37
Q

bi-lobed WBC

A

Eosinophil

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38
Q

WBC stained with acidic dyes is ______ and it turns dark red with ____

A

Eosinophil, eosin

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39
Q

Function of eosinophil

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. antitoxins
  3. associated with allergy
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40
Q

WBC with nucleus large and indistinctly lobed

A

Basophil

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41
Q

______ WBC stains with basic dyes like ______

A

Basophil , methylene blue

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42
Q

function of Basophil

A

Release chemical Histamine for inflammation

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43
Q

What does histamine do

A

dilates blood vessels

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44
Q

major kind of WBCs

A

Neutrophils

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45
Q

Smallest of WBCs

A

Lymphocytes

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46
Q

function of Lymphocytes

A

Produce antibodies

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47
Q

Largest of WBCs

A

Monocytes

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48
Q

Shape of nucleus in monocytes

A

Kidney shaped

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49
Q

at the site of infection , monocytes transform into

A

Macrophages

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50
Q

function of monocyte

A

Ingest germs

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51
Q

dead white blood cells together with the tissue cells destroyed by bacteria

A

Pus

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52
Q

process by which WBCs engulf particle like solid substances, especially bacteria

A

Phagocytosis

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53
Q

Deliberate introduction of weakened disease germs to stimulate production of specific antibodies

A

Vaccination

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54
Q

shape of blood platelets

A

Oval/round

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55
Q

no. of platelets per mm^3 of blood

A

2 lakh to 4 lakh

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56
Q

Where r platelets produced ?

A

Megakaryocytes in red bone marrow

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57
Q

Where r platelets destroyed

A

spleen

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58
Q

life span of platelets

A

3 to5 days

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59
Q

________ intiate clotting of blood

A

Thrombokinase

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60
Q

Another name for blood clotting

A

Coagulation

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61
Q

another name for thrombokinase

A

thromboplastin , factor X , Stuart factor

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62
Q

What is essential for producing prothrombin

A

Vitamin K

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63
Q

inactive Prothrombin with the help of thrombokinase and ___ ions coverts into active ____

A

Calcium, thrombin

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64
Q

Thrombin with the help of ca ions convert _______ which is ___(solubility) in plasma to _____(solubility) ___

A

Fibrinogen, soluble, insoluble fibrin

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65
Q

fibrin forms ______ combine with RBCs to form a ___

A

Sticky threads , clot

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66
Q

Clot is also called

A

Thrombus

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67
Q

Liquid which squeeze out when blood clots

A

Serum

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68
Q

Is clotting dependent on exposure of blood to air

A

no

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69
Q

Clotting can even be caused by

A

movement of blood over rough surface

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70
Q

a condition in which blood fails to clot due to lack of blood clotting proteins

A

Haemophilia

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71
Q

Who introduced the concept of blood group

A

Karl Landsteiner

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72
Q

Antigens are present on

A

Surface of RBCs

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73
Q

Antibodies are present in

A

Plasma of blood

74
Q

Antibodies are

A

Complementary proteins present wrt antigen present

75
Q

According to ABO system, 4 types of blood groups are:

A

A, B. AB, O

76
Q

A group: antigen ___ antibody ___

A

A, B

77
Q

B group: antigen____ antibody __

A

B , A

78
Q

AB group antigen____ antibody __

A

A.B , nil

79
Q

O group antigen____ antibody __

A

nil, A, B

80
Q

universal donor :

A

O

81
Q

Universal recipient

A

AB

82
Q

What is blood transfusion

A

The process by which blood is taken from a healthy donor and injected into the veins of the patient ( recipient)

83
Q

Condition for blood transfusion

A

Blood group of donor and recipient should be compatible

84
Q

If blood groups are not compatible what occurs and what does it lead to

A

agglutination - death

85
Q

What r the two systems of blood grouping

A

Rh system ABO system

86
Q

Rh stands for

A

Rhesus monkey ( common monkey )

87
Q

Why is the system named after rhesus monkey

A

Bcoz the factor was first observed in common monkey

88
Q

Rh+ blood group contains what antigen additionally

A

D antigen

89
Q

What happens when Rh+ blood is transfused to Rh- blood

A

The Rh- blood develops an antibody against the D antigen. When a second transfusion is done, antibody agglutinates with the D antigen and may cause death

90
Q

Where is the heart located

A

Centre between the two lungs above the diaphragm

91
Q

What is the size of heart

A

Size of closed fist ( 12 cm length 9 cm width )

92
Q

Heart is protected by

A

Pericardium

93
Q

Describe pericardium

A

It is a double walled membranous covering

94
Q

What does the pericardium contain

A

Lubricating pericardial fluid

95
Q

What is the function of pericardial fluid

A

It reduces friction during heartbeat and protects it from mechanical injuries

96
Q

What is the shape of a heart

A

Roughly triangular

97
Q

Why does it feel like heart is located to the left

A

The narrow end of the heart is pointed to left side. during working, contraction is most powerful at this end so

98
Q

How many chambers does the human heart have

A

4

99
Q

What r the 4 chambers of the heart

A

2 upper atria ( right and left )

2 lower ventricles ( right and left)

100
Q

atria is also called

A

Auricles

101
Q

atria has a ____ wall (thin/thick )

A

Thinner

102
Q

What is the general function of atria

A

receive blood from the body and pump into ventricles

103
Q

Which ventricle has the thickest wall and why

A

Left one bcoz it pumps blood to the farthest points of the body whereas right one only pumps to lungs for oxygenation

104
Q

the two blood vessels entering the right atrium of heart

A

Anterior and posterior vena cava

105
Q

2 names for anterior vena cava

A

Precaval , superior vena cava

106
Q

another name for posterior vena cava

A

inferior vena cava

107
Q

What is the function of anterior vena cava

A

It brings the deoxygenated blood from the upper region sof the body to the right atrium

108
Q

What is the function of posterior vena cava

A

Brings de oxygenated blood from lower regions of the body to the right atrium

109
Q

The vein entering the left atrium and how many

A

Pulmonary vein - 4 ( two from each lung)

110
Q

function of pulmonary vein

A

brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

111
Q

Blood vessel leaving right ventricle

A

Pulmonary artery

112
Q

Blood vessel leaving left ventricle

A

Aorta

113
Q

function of pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation

114
Q

Function of aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to supply to all parts of the body

115
Q

Coronary arteries comes from

A

Base of aorta

116
Q

function of coronary artery

A

Supply blood to heart muscles

117
Q

Chest pain due to insufficient supply of blood to heart muscle

A

Angina pectoris

118
Q

Function of coronary vein

A

Collects blood from heart walls and pours into right atrium

119
Q

What happens if there is a blockage in the coronary artery

A

It causes deadening of that area of heart muscle and leads to myocardial infarction

120
Q

How many valves are present in the heart

A

4

121
Q

What is the function of the heart valves

A

To regulate the flow of blood in a single direction and prevent the back flow of blood

122
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve located

A

Aperture between right auricle and ventricle

123
Q

Another name for right atrio ventricular valve and why

A

Tricuspid valve bcoz it has three cusps or flaps

124
Q

Muscular projections of ventricular wall

A

Papillary muscles

125
Q

The apex of the cusps are held in position by

A

Chordae tendinae

126
Q

Tendinous cords arising from papillary muscles

A

Chordae tendinae

127
Q

What is the other name for left atrio ventricular valve and why ? one more name for the same

A

Bicuspid valve bcoz it has 2 cusps

Mitral valve

128
Q

Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located

A

Opening of right ventricle into pulmonary artery

129
Q

What is the shape and number of the semilunar valves

A

Pocket shaped, 3

130
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located

A

Point of origin of aorta from left ventricle

131
Q

SAN

A

Sino atrial node

132
Q

SAN is also known as

A

Pacemaker

133
Q

AVN

A

Atrio ventricular node

134
Q

Function of SAN

A

Gives impulse to initiate heart beat

135
Q

Location of SAN

A

walls of right auricle near superior vena cava

136
Q

Location of AVN

A

Near inter-auricular septum near tricuspid valve

137
Q

Location of Bundle of HIS

A

Begins from AVN and extends to interventricular septum

138
Q

Bundle of HIS consists of special conducting fibres running along walls of ventricle called

A

Purkinje fibres

139
Q

Vessel which carries blood away from heart towards any organ

A

Artery

140
Q

Artery has a ____ (thickness)muscular wall, a ___(narrow/wide) lumen and is ____(elastic/non elastic)

A

Thick, narrow, elastic

141
Q

vein has a ____ (thickness)muscular wall, a ___(narrow/wide) lumen and is ____(elastic/non elastic)

A

Thin, wider, non elastic

142
Q

Blood flows in spurts in which vessel and why

A

Artery due to the ventricular contractions

143
Q

Blood flows uniformly in

A

Veins

144
Q

Which blood vessel has valves

A

Vein

145
Q

artery branches into ___ which further branches into

A

arterioles, capillaries

146
Q

Capillaries unite to form ___ which unites to form ___

A

Venule, vein n

147
Q

The walls of a capillary consists of

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells ( endothelium)

148
Q

capillary has thick muscles . ture or false and correct it if false

A

False

Capillary has no muscles

149
Q

four functions of capillaries

A
  1. to allow outward diffusion of O2 into tissue fluid into tissue cells
  2. To allow inward diffusion of CO2 from tissue fluid
  3. To allow inward and outward diffusion of glucose, amino acids, etc
  4. To allow WBCs to squeeze out via diapedesis
150
Q

unique thing about capillaries

A

it can vasodilate and vasoconstrict

151
Q

Why does ur face turn pink when u walk in the hot sun

A

the capillaries vasodilate thus increasing the blood flow…so it turns pink

152
Q

Why does ur face turn bluish when it is too cold

A

capillaries vasoconstrict, thus decreasing blood flow…so it turns bluish

153
Q

Human circulatory system is otherwise called

A

Double circulation

154
Q

Name the two blood circulations

A

Pulmonary and systemic

155
Q

Aorta arches back into

A

Dorsal aorta

156
Q

Define portal vein

A

Portal vein is one which starts with capillaries and end with capillaries

157
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

From stomach and intestine to liver

158
Q

Function of hepatic portal system

A

Food from stomach and intestine is brought to liver to regulate the quantity of nutrients flowing into general circulation

159
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Aorta to liver

160
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Liver to postcaval

161
Q

renal artery

A

Aorta to kidney

162
Q

Renal vein

A

Kidney to posterior vena cava

163
Q

Define pulse

A

Alternate expansion and elastic recoil of the wall of the artery during ventricular systole

163
Q

Counting pulse is indirectly counting

A

Heart beat

164
Q

which blood vessel do u feel for pulse

A

Artery

165
Q

What is blood pressure ?

A

Pressure which blood flowing through arteries exert on its walls

166
Q

blood pressure is measured using

A

Sphygmomanometer

167
Q

Two types of pressure

A

Systolic and diastolic pressure

168
Q

Two types of pressure

A

Systolic and diastolic pressure

169
Q

Normal bp of an adult

A

Systolic - 100 to 140 mm Hg

Diastolic - 60 to 80 mm Hg

170
Q

rise in BP above 140/90 is called

A

Hypertension

171
Q

Lymph nodes located on the sides of the neck

A

Tonsils

172
Q

Location of spleen

A

In the abdomen behind the stomach above the left kidney

173
Q

color of spleen

A

Reddish brown

174
Q

four functions of spleen

A
  1. acts as a blood reservoir
  2. produces lymphocytes
  3. produces RBCs in embryos
  4. destroys worn out RBCS
175
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Localize any infection and prevent it from spreading to the whole of the body and destroy pathogen

176
Q

Four function of lymph

A
  1. supplies nutrition and O2 to parts where blood cannot reach
  2. drains away excess tissue fluid and return proteins to the blood from tissue spaces
  3. fats from intestine is absorbed through lymphatics
  4. lymphocytes and monocytes defend the body
177
Q

Lymph mainly consists of which cell

A

WBCs

178
Q

How does the lymph flow

A

Due to the contraction of surrounding muscles

179
Q

Lymph is basically ______ which is not absorbed back into the blood

A

Tissue fluid

180
Q

example of anticoagulant

A

Heparin

Biology (3 decks)

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