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Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

Which two systems of our body is concerned with regulating body activities

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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2
Q

What is endocrine system

A

It consists of several glands which bring about common function of chemical coordination in body

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3
Q

Endocrine glands secrete

A

Hormones

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4
Q

Endocrine glands are also called ____ glands. Why

A

Ductless glands becoz it pours hormones directly into blood and not via any special duct

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5
Q

Site of action of hormones

A

Carried to all parts of the body but act only on target organs or cells

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6
Q

Hormones are produced in large quantities but r biologically inactive. correct the statement

A

Small quantity , biologically very active

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7
Q

Chemicall hormones can be __, ____ and ___

A

Peptides, Amines and steroids

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8
Q

Example of peptide

A

Insulin

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9
Q

Example of amine

A

Adrenaline

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10
Q

Example of steroid

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

Function of hormones in general

A

Bring about chemical coordination between distant parts of the body

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12
Q

Name 4 endocrine glands

A

Pancreas, adrenal, thyroid , pituitary

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13
Q

Shape of adrenal gland

A

Cap like structure

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14
Q

Location of adrenal gland

A

Top of each kidney

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15
Q

two parts of adrenal gland

A

Central medulla , peripheral cortex

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16
Q

Medulla secretes

A

Adrenaline

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17
Q

Other names for adrenaline

A

Epinephrine , noradrenaline

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18
Q

Function of adrenaline

A

Prepares the body for emergency situation, flight/fight situations

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19
Q

Effects of adrenaline on heart, muscle and amount of glucose

A

increase heart beat
Increased amount of blood supply to muscles
More glucose secreted

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20
Q

adrenal gland is stimulated by

A

Nerve endings of autonomic nervous system

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21
Q

what hormone stimulates uterine contraction during labour

A

Adrenaline

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22
Q

Adrenaline ___ the pupils of eye ( dilate/constrict)

A

Dilate

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23
Q

What hormone does cortex secrete

A

Cortisones

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24
Q

Function of mineralocorticoids

A

Regulate mineral metabolism, specially Na and K ions

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25
Q

Function of glucocorticoids

A

Regulate fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolism

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26
Q

General functions of cortisones

A
  1. increase blood glucose concentration
  2. regulate salt and water retention
  3. Influence fat and protein metabolism
  4. adapt body to stresses
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27
Q

Overgrowth of cortex in women

A

Adrenal virilism

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28
Q

Overgrowth of cortex in men

A

Eunuchoidism

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29
Q

Hyposecretion of cortisones

A

Addison disease

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30
Q

Hypersecretion of cortisones

A

Cushing syndrome

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31
Q

Symptoms of addison disease

A
  1. loss of weight
  2. nausea
  3. Low sugar
  4. Skin pigmentation
  5. increased sensitivity to pain
  6. increased susceptibility to infection
  7. loss of energy
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32
Q

Symptoms of cushing syndrome

A
  1. Obesity
  2. High sugar
  3. Osteoporosis
  4. salt and water retention
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33
Q

Name a gland which is both endocrine and exocrine? what is the name given to such glands

A

Pancreas. Heterocrine gland

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34
Q

What is the function of pancreas as duct gland

A

Pours its pancreatic juice into duodenum for digestion

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35
Q

What is the function of pancreas as an endocrine gland

A

Has special hormone secreting cells called islets of langerhans

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36
Q

Name the three cells of Islets of Langerhans

A

Beta , Alpha and Delta cells

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37
Q

What does Beta cell secrete

A

Insulin

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38
Q

What does Alpha cell secrete

A

Glucagon

39
Q

What does Delta cell secrete

A

Somatostatin

40
Q

Location of pancreatic gland

A

Posterior and slightly inferior to stomach

41
Q

Function of insulin

A

Checks rise of sugar level in blood

42
Q

How does insulin check rise in sugar level of blood

A
  1. Promotes glucose utilisation by body cells

2. stimulates storage of extra glucose as glycogen in liver and muscles

43
Q

Hyposecretion of insulin causes ( 2 names for the same condition)

A

Hyperglycaemia/diabetes mellitus

44
Q

Hypersecretion of insulin causes

A

Hypoglycaemia

45
Q

Symptoms of a diabetic person

A
  1. Frequent urination loaded with sugar
  2. Feel thirsty due to excessive urination
  3. Loss of weight
  4. Weak body
46
Q

What is hypoglycaemia

A

Sugar level in blood is low.

47
Q

What is insulin shock ?

A

A diabetic patient if given an overdose of insulin, may become unconscious. This is called insulin shock

48
Q

Function of glucagon

A

Stimulates breakdown of glycogen in liver to glucose, thus raising blood sugar level

49
Q

Shape of thyroid gland

A

Butterfly shaped

50
Q

How many lobes does thyroid gland have

A

2

51
Q

The 2 lobes of thyroid gland are connected by

A

Isthmus

52
Q

Location of Thyroid gland

A

Front of the neck just below larynx

53
Q

Two hormones secreted by thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine, calcitonin

54
Q

Thyroxine function

A

Regulates basal metabolism

Influences general growth of body, ossification of bones, mental development, body temperature

55
Q

What is basal metabolism

A

Rate of cellular oxidation resulting in heat production at rest

56
Q

Disorders caused by hypothyroidism

A

Simple goitre
Cretinism
Myxoedema

57
Q

Disorders caused by hyperthyroidism

A

Exophthalmic goitre

58
Q

What happens in simple goitre?

A

Enlargement of thyroid gland - swelling of neck

59
Q

What causes simple goitre

A

Insufficient quantity of iodine in food

60
Q

What has iodine got to do with thyroid gland

A

Iodine is the active ingredient in the production of thyroxine

61
Q

Why do people at hill stations get simple goitre frequently?

A

Due to the iodine deficiency in the soil of that area

62
Q

Cretinism affect children or adults?

A

Children

63
Q

Myxoedema affects children or adult

A

Adult

64
Q

What is cretinism

A

It is a disorder which affects the growth of children showing dwarfism and mental retardation

65
Q

What causes cretinism?

A

Defective development / early atrophy of thyroid

66
Q

What is myxoedema

A

It is a condition which affects adults resulting in sluggishness and swelling of face and hands

67
Q

What causes myxoedema

A

Improper functioning of thyroid

68
Q

What does exophthalmic goitre result in

A 
Increase in metabolic rate 
Rapid heart beat 
Shortness of breath 
Protruding eyes 
Goitre in neck
69
Q

What is the size of pituitary gland

A

Pea size

70
Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

Hangs from base of midbrain below hypothalamus

71
Q

What special name is given to pituitary gland and why

A

Master glands because it practically controls all other gland

72
Q

Name the three lobes of pituitary gland? which one of this can be considered negligible in humans ?

A

Anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, intermediate lobe. Intermediate lobe is negligible

73
Q

Name the two categories of hormones Secreted by anterior pituitary.

A

Growth hormone

Tropic hormones

74
Q

What is the function of growth hormone

A

Body growth

75
Q

Another name for Growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

76
Q

Deficiency of GH causes _____ in children

A

Dwarfism

77
Q

Over secretion of GH Causes _____ in adults

A

Acromegaly

78
Q

Over secretion of GH Causes _____ in children

A

Gigantism

79
Q

What happens to a person having acromegaly

A
  1. Excessive growth of bones in jaw, hands and feet
  2. Large nose
  3. Thick lips
80
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

81
Q

GSH

A

Gonad stimulating hormones

82
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

83
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

84
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

85
Q

Function of TSH

A

Activate thyroid to stimulate production of thyroxine

86
Q

Function of ACTH

A

Regulates activity of adrenal cortex

87
Q

General function of GSH

A

Regulate activity of testes and ovaries

88
Q

another name for GSH

A

Gonadotropic hormones

89
Q

General function of tropic hormones

A

Stimulate other endocrine glands

90
Q

types of GSH

A

FSH, LH and prolactin

91
Q

Function of FSH

A

Stimulates formation of egg in female and sperm in male

92
Q

Function of LH

A

Stimulate secretion of progesterone and testosterone

93
Q

Function of prolactin

A

Milk secretion

Biology (3 decks)

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