Excretory Prroduct And Elimination

Question 1

Ammonotelosm

Answer 1

Removal of ammonia
Most toxic
Need more water
Diffusion
Kidney do not play any significant role
Ammonotelic, some vertebrates and aquatic

Question 2

Ureotelic

Answer 2

Urea is 100000 less toxic than ammonia
Treasstrial and Marine
Ammonia is converted to urea by liver in urea cycle and released in blood which kidney filter little is left for osmolarity

Question 3

Uricotelic

Answer 3

Uric acid
Reptile, bird, insect which lay egg
Insoluble in water

Question 4

Excretory structure in animal kingdom +

Answer 4

Protonerphiria: flame cell,platyhemits, some annelids, cephalocordate like Amphioxus. Osmoregulation
Nephridia: earthworm, annelids, remove nitrogenous, osmoregulation
Malpighian: Insect
Antennal gland or green: crustaceans like prawn
Kidney: pronephric- fish, meso- amphi, meto-amniotes

Question 5

Kidney shape and size

Answer 5

Betw The last level of thoracic and third lumbar vertebra close to dorsal inner wall of abdominal cavity
10 to 12 length, 5to 7 wide, 2to3 thick
Left is higher

Question 6

Hilum

Answer 6

The notch in the inner concave surface of kidney, ureter, nerve. Vessel pass

Question 7

Kiidney protective layer+

Answer 7

Renal capsule: innermost, white fibrous tissue, few elastic
Adipose capsule: shock absorber
Renal fascia: outer, cover linking him with abdominal wall

Question 8

Retroperitoneal arrangement

Answer 8

Dorsal wall is already covered, ventral side peritoneal

Question 9

Kidney inner structure

Answer 9

In inner hilium, renal pelvis with projection called calyces
Out is tough
Inner has outer cortex and inner medulla
Medulla is dividedimto medullary pyramids projecting into values
Cortex extends between the medularry prymids as column of bertini

Question 10

Renal pelvis

Answer 10

1 to 3 renal pyramid foem minor calyces which forms major calves which form renal pelvis placed to inner hilum, it has transitional epithelium, it leads to ureter

Question 11

Ureter, coats

Answer 11

Muscualr tube
25 to 30 cm, 3 mm dia
Bents inward and upward to urinary bladder in region of tritone by oblique slit

External adventits, middle muscular, inner mucosa
Peristalsis

Question 12

Middle muscular coat

Answer 12

Smooth muscle

Outer longitudinal, missle circular, inner longitudinal

Question 13

Urinary bladder

Answer 13

Median pyriform sac
Apex, fundus or body, neck
Body has triangular trigone,
Neck has 2, involuntary internal and voluntary external splincter

Question 14

Urethra

Answer 14

Only mammal

2 to 4 in femsle,20 cm in human

Question 15

Bomans capsule

Answer 15

Blind, double walled cup shaped

Inner visceral layer: flat squamous epithelium
Many feet, pedicels together: podocyte
They enclose slit poles, filtration slits

Patitel outer: flat squamous, lumen/capsule space is space betw 2 layer of bowman capsule

Question 16

Types of nephron

Answer 16

Cortical: majority-80%, henle loop is short, Vasa recta is absent , Bowman’s capsule are ear
Juxta- medullry: 20% very long loop, and deep

Question 17

PCT

Answer 17

Simple cuboidal brush border epithelium

70 to 80% electrolyte and water is reabsorbed