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BIO > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

excretion

A

is the removal from the body of waste products

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2
Q

3 types of body waste

A

metabolic waste, substances in excess & toxic waste

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3
Q

excretory organs

A

lungs, liver & kidney

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4
Q

liver

A

process toxic materials & make them harmless

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5
Q

lungs

A

excrete carbondioxide

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6
Q

kidney

A

excrete urea & salt

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7
Q

assimilation

A

means the food molecules that have been absorbed now becomes a part of the cell or are absorbed by the cells.

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8
Q

how does liver stores glucose

A

By removing it from the blood & storing it as glycogen. this helps to regulate concentration of glucose in the blood.

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9
Q

the liver uses amino acids to make

A

proteins such as plasma proteins, ex: Fibrinogen

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10
Q

the liver breakes down excess

A

amino acids

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11
Q

liver converts fatty acids & glycerol into

A

fat which is stored in the body under the sking

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12
Q

liver produces

A

cholesterol from fats

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13
Q

liver has — roles in the body

A

200 different roles

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14
Q

all the blood from the digestive system flows into the – before going to the rest of the circulation

A

liver

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15
Q

how is amino acids produced

A

amino acid is produced in the elementary canal by the digestion of proteins. this amino acids is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine.

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16
Q

liver makes bile which

A

neutralizes as it enters small intestine.

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17
Q

Deammination

A

is the break down of excess amino acids in the liver to from Ammonia, which is made to form urea.

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18
Q

Ammonia combined with —to form urea

A

co2

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19
Q

– breakdown the toxins

A

liver

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20
Q

the liver breakdown hormones that

A

has circulated in the blood for a while

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21
Q

Kidney are responsible for

A

the excretion of urea & salt from the body

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22
Q

kidney control the – & – of the blood

A

water & iron content

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23
Q

where is the kidney situated.

A

on the top of the abdominal cavity just underneath the diaphragm

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24
Q

kidney’s protected by

A

backbone lower ribcage and the fat that surrounds them

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25
Q

urine

A

is a body fluid that consists of waste substances dissolved in water. it is yellow because on of the waste substances in yellow pigment,

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26
Q

urea

A

is a colourless compound that dissolves water in blood plasma & in urine

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27
Q

waste chemicals like urea diffuse from cells into

A

the blood & it is transported into kidneys.

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28
Q

renal artery

A

brings waste to the kidneys in the blood

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29
Q

renal vein

A

takes cleaned blood away from the kidneys

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30
Q

ureters

A

carry urine down to the bladder

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31
Q

bladder

A

stores urine

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32
Q

ring of muscle

A

keeps the bladder closed until you urinate

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33
Q

inside each kidney is a

A

complex network of filtering units calls kidney tubules

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34
Q

How’s the filtrate formed.

A

when blood flows through kidney tubules small molecules such as glucose, salt, water & urea are forced out of the blood plasma to form a fluid called filtrate.

35
Q

As filtrate passes along the tubule what useful substances reabsorbed into the blood

A

glucose & salt

36
Q

volume of water absorbed depends on

A

the body’s water content

37
Q

what kind of urine will be formed when you are dehydrated.

A

kidney will take back as much as they can to produce a concentrated urine & conserve water.

38
Q

if you have taken in a lot of water & if it is a clod weather, what of urine will be formed

A

kidney absorb less water & will produce a dilute urine

39
Q

the renal veins carry’s the blood with – concentration of waste chemicals away from the kidney

A

low

40
Q

3 parts of the kidneys

A

cortex, medulla & pelvis

41
Q

cortex

A

outer most part of the kidney, brown in color

42
Q

medulla

A

middle part of the kidney, reddish in color

43
Q

pelvis

A

inner most part of the kidney, white in color

44
Q

Function of kidney tubules

A

it to filter blood & remove waste chemicals and determine how much water is excretes.

45
Q

Filtering is carried out in the –

A

cortex

46
Q

the waste chemicals & excess water are removed from the body in the –

A

urine which flows from the kidneys down the ureter & stores in the bladder.

47
Q

blood containing waste chemicals flows to the kidney

A

renal artery

48
Q

inside the kidney the renal artery branches many times to give

A

arterioles

49
Q

each of these arterioles supply blood to a closely packed group of capillaries

A

glomerulus

50
Q

After filtration blood flows out of the glomerulus into

A

another arterioles

51
Q

Blood then flows into the capillaries around the

A

rest of the tubules which joints to form the renal vein

52
Q

Kidney tubule itself consists of

A

Bowman’s capsule

53
Q

the glomerulus is found inside the

A

bowman’s capsule

54
Q

why is the preasure in the renal artery very high

A

because the kidney is close to the heart

55
Q

blood vessel entering the glomerulus is …. than leaving

A

wider.this causes preasure increase inside the glomerulus.it is this preasure that causes blood to be filterred

56
Q

the lining of capillaries is like a

A

net with tiny holes in it

57
Q

molecules that are too big to pass

A

they stay in the blood

58
Q

small molecules like urea,glucose,salts and water pass

A

put of the glomerulus and into the bowman’s capsule

59
Q

what substances are reabsorbed in to the blood by active transport from the kidney

A

glucose, some salt & much of the water needed by the kidney

60
Q

Adaptations associated with the active transport

A

microvilli, numerous mitochondria

61
Q

microvill

A

provides large surface area for absorption

62
Q

numerous mitochondria

A

provides energy for active transport

63
Q

After the process of re-absorption, the left over urea & excess salt are dissolved in —

A

water

64
Q

the fluid that enters collecting duct is

A

urine

65
Q

The blood leaving the kidney in the renal vein

A

has a much lower concentration of waste chemicals

66
Q

Re-absorption of glucose & salts occurs by

A

diffusion & active transport

67
Q

Water is reabsorbed by

A

Osmosis

68
Q

Common indicator of kidney is damaged is

A

presence of protein in the urine, this happens when the glomeruli are damaged so that the large molecules of protein pass out of blood plasma into the filtrate.

69
Q

What happens when someone has dialysis treatment

A

A tube is connected to one of the patient veins.
Blood flows along the tubes into the machine.
inside the machine the blood is pumped over the surface of a dialysis membrane, which separates the patients’s blood & the dialysis fluid.
Urea diffuses out of the blood, across the dialysis fluid.
The dialysis fluid already has glucose & salts in it, so there will be no overall loss of glucose and salts from the blood by diffusion into the fluid.
Urea & other waste chemicals leave the machine in the dialysis fluid.
The patients cleaner blood passes back into the vein.

70
Q

The patients has to use the dialysis machine for

A

several hours, 2 or 3 times a week

71
Q

Patients eat

A

restricted diet without too much protein & salt

72
Q

If they eat too much protein - dialysis

A

they will produce too much urea which becomes toxic & would mean more frequent dialysis treatment.

73
Q

Define dialysis

A

Dialysis involves the separation of 2 or more solutions by a partially permeable membrane. This dialysis membrane has tiny pores in it which allow water & small solutes to diffuse through, but not larger molecules such a proteins. in the case of kidney dialysis the blood is pumped over the surface of a dialysis membrane which contains a fluid which has the normal concentrations of salts and glucose and is the same water potential as normal plasma.

74
Q

What happens during dialysis

A

During dialysis, solute molecules such as salts & glucose diffuse through the membrane. As the dialysis fluid has the same water potential as normal blood plasma, the concentrations of solutes, such as blood proteins, reach equilibrium and are resorted to normal. Excess salts, urea & other toxic chemicals are not present in the dialysis fluid, so they diffuse out of the blood & across the membrane into the dialysate.

75
Q

who can have the kidney transplant, what does it involve, who can be donor

A

A person with failed kidneys may have a kidney transplant. This involves replacing the diseased kidney with a healthy one from donor. A donor may be a close relative or friend or someone who has just died.

76
Q

Before kidney transplantation what must be checked.

A

Blood type & tissue type of donor & recipient must be matched.

77
Q

Blood typing is the same as

A

blood transfusion

78
Q

Tissue typing reduces the chances that

A

the recipients immune system will attack & the new kidney & reject it.

79
Q

To reduce the chances of rejection occurring the drugs are given

A

to the patient after the operation to suppress the immune system. They remain on these for life, which means they are more likely to catch certain infections and to have those infections longer.

80
Q

After recovering from the operation why is the patient not able to live a normal life

A

Because they do not have a normal diet

81
Q

Transplant replace all the functions of the–

A

kidny

82
Q

Kidney’s — urea from the blood rather than at the intervals

A

continuously remove

83
Q

They make a hormone that

A

stimulates red blood cells production in bone narrow

84
Q

Disadvantage of finding a kidney for kidney transplant

A

it is difficult to find a donor kidney that is suitable match & there is always a danger of tissue rejection.

BIO (13 decks)

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