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Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the equation to find the surface area to volume ratio?

A

__________=surface area / volume

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2
Q

As the size of the organism decreases, the surface are to volume ratio _______

A

decreases

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3
Q

Why do larger organisms need to have specialised gas a change systems?

A

Their surface area to volume ratio is too great for them to exchange gases with their environment

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4
Q

What are the adaptations of exchange surface?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Large concentration gradient
  • Thin exchange surface
  • Partially permeable
  • Movement of environmental medium e.g air and internal mediums e.g blood
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5
Q

What is Ficks law?

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x difference in concentration) / thickness of source

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6
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Contracts and flattens to increase lung volume.

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7
Q

What are the alveoli?

A

They are air sacs where gas exchange occurs

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8
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A tube that allows the air to move in and out of the lungs and mouth

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9
Q

What is the role of the rings of cartilage on the bronco and trachea?

A

To prevent them from collapsing

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10
Q

What are the features/adaptations of alveoli?

A
  • Cells are squamous so are thinner to allow shorter diffusion pathway
  • Alveoli and capillaries have very large surface areas and are very close contact
  • Blood flow and breathing maintains a concentration gradient
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11
Q

What are the mechanisms of inhalation?

A

External intercostal muscles contact, while internal intercostal muscles relax, causing the rib cage to move outwards.
The diaphragm contracts and moves down.
Lung volume increases. Pressure in lungs becomes less than outside so air moves down pressure gradient into the lungs.

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms for exhalation?

A

External intercostal muscles relax, while internal intercostal muscles contract, causing the rib cage to move inwards.
The diaphragm relaxes and moves up.
Lung volume decreases. Pressure outside the lungs becomes less than inside so air moves down pressure gradient out of the lungs.

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13
Q

What is the definition of pulmonary ventilation?

A

It is the total volume of air that moves into the lungs during one minute.

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14
Q

What is the calculation for pulmonary ventilation?

A

Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x ventilation rate

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15
Q

What is the definition of tidal volume?

A

It is the volume of air normally taken in at each breath when the body is at rest

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16
Q

What is the definition of ventilation rate?

A

It is the number of breaths taken in one minute

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17
Q

What is the definition of vital capacity?

A

It is the maximum volume of gas that can be forced out of the lungs at the end of maximum inhalation.

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18
Q

What is spirometry?

A

It gives an indication of lung function as it shows he forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume

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19
Q

What are the risks that can cause lung diseases?

A

Smoking, air pollution, genes, infections, occupation

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20
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

This is when scar tissue forms in the lungs, which makes the diffusion pathways thicker. Lungs are less elastic so can’t expand to full capacity.
Breathing rate increases to compensate.
It is difficult to force out air.

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21
Q

What is asthma?

A

It is when airways become inflamed due to the release of histamines. It causes less air to be able to flow through bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing the rate of diffusion as the concentration gradient is lower. It causes shortness of breath.

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22
Q

What is emphysema?

A

It is a disease caused by smoking. It causes the elastins to be broken down making it so they are always stretched, meaning the alveoli cannot recoil to force air out. This lowers the concentration gradient and the surface area of alveoli decreases.

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23
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A bacterial infection that reduces surface area of the lungs by causing holes and cavities to form in the lung tissue

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24
Q

What is the processes of respiration in fish?

A

The fish opens its mouth and the floor lowers, causing the pressure to decrease and the volume of water in the mouth to increase. The water then passes over the gills and oxygen is filtered from the water into the blood, and the water leaves through the opercular opening.

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25
Q

What are spiracles?

A

They are tiny pores that gas enter which can close to reduce water loss, found in the insect respiratory system

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26
Q

What is the order of the circulatory system

A

Aorta -> hepatic/renal artery -> liver/kidneys -> hepatic/renal vein -> vena cava -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein

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27
Q

What is countercurrent flow and why is it important?

A

It is when water and blood flow in opposite direction. It means that equilibrium isn’t reached and that there is always a concentration gradient maintained across the whole length of the lamellae. Almost all oxygen in the water diffuses into the blood.

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28
Q

What is the renal artery/vein?

A

They take blood to and from the kidneys.

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29
Q

What is the hepatic artery/vein?

A

They take blood to and from the liver.

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30
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

It is the main artery that takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the organs.

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31
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

It is the main vein that takes deoxygenated blood from the organs to the heart.

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32
Q

Why does the vena cava go to the heart and not straight to the lungs?

A

It loses the pressure needed to move up the vessels and needs to be pumped by the heart so it can reach the lungs

33
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

It is the artery that takes deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs.

34
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

It is the artery that takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

35
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

They supply blood to the heart muscles. (Extra info: When these are blocked, heart attacks happen)

36
Q

Why do multi-cellular organisms need to develop circulatory systems?

A

To supply themselves with enough oxygen, it needs to be delivered rapidly to cells (so does nutrients). Diffusion through the surface is too slow so animals developed blood vessels to transport blood.

37
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

A

The atriums

38
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

The ventricles

39
Q

What side of the heart has thicker walls and why?

A

The left ventricle has thicker walls so it can create a greater contraction force, allowing the blood to make it around the body.

40
Q

What is the path of blood through the heart?

A

Vena cava -> right atrium -> through atrioventricular valves -> right ventricle -> through semilunar valves -> pulmonary artery -> (lungs) -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> through atrioventricular valves -> left ventricle -> through semilunar valves -> aorta -> body or coronary arteries

41
Q

Why does the heart have valves?

A

To ensure that the blood flows in only one direction through the heart.

42
Q

What causes the hearts valves to open and close?

A

Changes in pressure

43
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves and how do they work?

A

They are valves found between the atria and ventricles and open when pressure in the atria is higher and close when it is lower.

44
Q

What are the semilunar valves and how do they work?

A

They are valves found between the ventricle and the blood vessels and open when pressure in the ventricle is higher and close when it is lower.

45
Q

What is the general order of the blood vessels?

A

Artery -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins

46
Q

What is the structure of an artery and why is it important?

A
  • Thick outer coasting (of connective tissues and collogen fibres) - to prevent bursting at high pressures
  • Thick muscular tissue - to withstand high pressures
  • Thick elastic tissue - to stretch and recoil to keep the flow of blood
  • Smooth endothelium - to reduce friction
  • Small lumen - ensures pressure is maintained
47
Q

What is the structure of a capillary and why is it important?

A
  • Has a single layer of endothelium cells - to allow rapid diffusion
  • Extremely narrow - smaller diffusion distance and red blood cells touch the side of the vessel
  • Very low pressure
48
Q

What is the structure of a vein and why is it important?

A
  • Thin outer coating - as it has a lower pressure
  • Thin muscle and elastic tissues - it is low pressure and constriction isn’t needed
  • Has valves - to prevent backflow of blood
  • Thin endothelium
  • Large lumen - to maximise blood flow
49
Q

What is the role of arteries?

A

to carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery which takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart)
Artery = Away

50
Q

What is the role of veins?

A

to carry deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary vein which takes oxygenated blood to the heart)

51
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

It is the fluid that surrounds cells in tissues, it is made of small molecules that leave the blood plasma via pressure filtration.

52
Q

What are the steps of pressure filtration?

A
  1. High hydrostatic pressure forces water and small molecules out at the artery end.
  2. Large proteins are left in the blood so water potential drops.
  3. Water moves back into capillary at vein end via osmosis.
  4. Excess tissue fluid drains into the lymph vessel and is drained back into the circulatory system after passing though the lymphatic system as lymph.
53
Q

How is blood plasma different to tissue fluid?

A

Blood plasma contains large proteins

54
Q

What causes the swelling of limbs? (Context: lymphatic disorders)

A

Some people have high blood pressure which increases the outward pressure from the arterial end of the capillary which reduces the inward pressure from the venule end. This means more tissue fluid is formed and less is reabsorbed.

55
Q

What happens when people have low amounts of protein in their diets?

A

This means they have less proteins in their blood, meaning the water potential at the venule end doesn’t get as low. This causes less water to be removed from the tissue fluid and can cause bloating of the stomach.

56
Q

What are the different types of heart diseases/illnesses?

A
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Thrombosis
  • Aneurysm
  • Myocardial infractions
57
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

It is any interference with the coronary arteries. Causes include: Age, Gender, Smoking Habits, Hereditary Factors, Stress, Diet

58
Q

How many oxygen binding sites does haemoglobin have?

A

4

59
Q

What molecule binds with oxygen in haemoglobin?

A

Iron

60
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

It is the carrier of oxygen through blood to respiring tissues.

61
Q

What is made when oxygen binds with haemoglobin?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

62
Q

What is percentage saturation of haemoglobin?

A

It is the amount of oxygen combined with the haemoglobin.
1/4 = 25%
2/4 = 50%
3/4 = 75%
4/4 = 100%

63
Q

Define loading/association.

A

When oxygen is taken up by haemoglobin.

64
Q

Define unloading/disassociation.

A

When oxygen is released/given up by haemoglobin.

65
Q

Define affinity.

A

Higher affinity = oxygen more attracted to Hb
‘a natural attraction to something’

66
Q

Define partial pressure.

A

The amount of a particular gas in a mixture of gases or in a solution.

67
Q

What does partial pressure of oxygen mean?

A

The concentration of oxygen.

68
Q

Low affinity = …

A

Low affinity = low O2 conc = unloads readily = loading not as easy = more dissociation

69
Q

High affinity = …

A

High affinity = high O2 conc = loads readily = unloading not as easy = more association

70
Q

Why is the oxygen dissociation curve S shaped?

A
  1. The first O2 combines slowly so the first part of the ODC is not steep. However this binding changes the tertiary structure of the haemoglobin to change.
  2. This exposes the 2nd and 3rd binding sites, so it makes it much easier for oxygen to bind. Curve is much steeper.
  3. The curve flattens because it harder for the fourth oxygen to combine.
71
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A
  • CO2 dissolves in the blood, forming carbonic acid, lowering the pH.
  • Changes tertiary structure of haemoglobin so has lower affinity.
  • More oxygen dissociates at respiring tissues
  • Curve moves to the right
72
Q

If affinity increases the curve moves to the …

A

left

73
Q

If affinity decreases the curve moves to the …

A

right

74
Q

Animals that live in high places (e.g. mountain goats) have haemoglobins with ____ affinity so oxygen is loaded at ___ partial pressure.

A

Animals that live in high places (e.g. mountain goats) have haemoglobins with [high] affinity so oxygen is loaded at [low] partial pressure.

75
Q

Animals in low PP areas (worms, foetuses) have myoglobin which has a ____ affinity.

A

high

76
Q

What is cardiac diastole?

A

When the entire heart is relaxed. Both the atria and ventricles are relaxed and the blood enters at low pressure through the veins, the pulmonary vein and the vena cava into the atria. As the blood flows in the atria the blood pressure begins to increase causing the AV valves to become opened allowing for the blood to enter the ventricles.

77
Q
A

When the atrium/ventricle fill with blood.

78
Q

What is ventricular systole/atrial diastole?

A

The ventricles contract from the bottom of the heart also known as the apex of the heart and upwards. Now the pressure further increases in the ventricles above the pressure within the arteries (pulmonary arteries and aorta). Due to the pressure change, blood is able to flow out through the semilunar valves and allows for the blood to leave.

79
Q
A

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