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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and are found in multicellular organisms

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains no membrane-bound nucleus and are found in unicellular organisms

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal, plant, fungi and protists

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4
Q

What are the structure in an animal cell?

A
  • Nucleus (which contains the nuclear envelope, chromatin and nucleolus)
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
  • Mitochondria
  • Free ribosomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles
  • Cell surface membrane
  • Cytoplasm
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5
Q

What are the structure in a plant cell?

A
  • Nucleus (which contains the nuclear envelope, chromatin and nucleolus)
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
  • Mitochondria
  • Free ribosomes
  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles
  • Cell surface membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cellulose cell wall
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6
Q

What is the role of the 3 parts of the nucleus?

A
  • The nuclear envelope is a double membrane with pores for mRNA to exit
  • Chromatin is DNA and proteins
  • Nucleolus is where ribosomes are synthesised
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7
Q

What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It folds and processes proteins

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8
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It synthesises and processes lipids

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9
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria?

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotes, which produces ATP

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10
Q

What is the role of the lysosomes?

A

They digest invading cells in phagocytosis and break down worn out parts of the cell with digestive enzymes (lysozymes)

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11
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A

They modify, identify, process and package new lipids and proteins (MIPP).

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12
Q

What is the role of the vesicles?

A

They store lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transport them to where they need to go.

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13
Q

What is the role of the cell surface membrane?

A

It controls what enters and leaves the cell

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14
Q

What is the role of the vacuole?

A

It maintains pressure inside the cell, keeping it rigid.

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15
Q

What is the role of the chloroplasts?

A

They are the site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

What is the role of the cell wall?

A

It supports the cell and keeps its shape (cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi and murein in bacteria)

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17
Q

What is the role of the flagella?

A

They allows cell to be mobile

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18
Q

Which features do algal cells not have?

A

They have no RER, SER or vacuole

19
Q

What is the structure of a bacterial cell?

A
  • Pili
  • Free DNA
  • Plasmids
  • Mesosomes
  • Capsule
  • Smaller ribosomes
  • Flagellum (optional)
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell wall
20
Q

What is the role of the pili?

A

They aid in movement and attachment to surfaces.

21
Q

What is the role of the plasmids?

A

They are small circular DNA molecules.

22
Q

What is the role of the mesosome?

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration in prokaryotes.

23
Q

What is the role of the capsule?

A

It protects the cell and helps attach to surfaces.

24
Q

What is the structure of viruses?

A
  • Glycoproteins
  • Viral envelope
  • Capsid
  • Two RNA strands (identical)
  • Reverse transcriptase
25
Q

What is the role of the glycoproteins?

A

They attach to the host cell.

26
Q

What is the role of the viral envelope?

A

Similar to the cell membrane.

27
Q

What is the role of the capsid?

A

It protects the viral RNA.

28
Q

What is the role of viral RNA?

A

It is the viruses genetic information.

29
Q

What is the role of the reverse transcriptase?

A

It is used to convert viral RNA into viral DNA when inside a host cell.

30
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
31
Q

What are the stages of interphase?

A
  • G1phase
  • S phase
  • G2 phase
32
Q

What happens in G1 phase?

A

Cell increases in size and new organelles are made.

33
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

DNA replicates semi-conservatively.

34
Q

What happens in G2 phase?

A

Cell prepares for division and stores of ATP are made.

35
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes condense and become visible.

36
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Centrioles create nuclear spindle fibres and chromosomes align at the equator. Spindle fibres attach to chromosomes.

37
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

The spindle fibres contract and pull apart the sister chromatids to opposite poles and the centromere is split.

38
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

The nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes unwind and become invisible

39
Q

What happens in cytokinesis?

A

The division of cytoplasm when forming two daughter cells. Occurs between telophase and interphase.

40
Q

How do you calculate the mitotic index?

A

Mitotic index = number of cells with visible chromosomes / total number of cells seen

41
Q

What is the mitotic index?

A

It shows the rate of cell division

42
Q

How does binary fission work?

A
  1. Circular DNA and plasmids replicate by semi-conservative replication
  2. Cell enlarges and the DNA migrates to opposite poles of the cell
  3. Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells each with a single copy of the circular DNA and a variable number of copies of plasmids
43
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A
  1. Viral proteins bind to receptors on host cells.
  2. Viral membrane and host cell membrane fuse, releasing the capsid.
  3. Reverse transcriptase uses viral RNA to make DNA.
  4. The viral DNA joins to host cell DNA.
  5. The host cell DNA is used to make more viral RNA so that viral capsid proteins are made.
  6. New virus particles are made.
  7. Viruses burst out of host cell.

Biology Flashcards (10 decks)

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