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Exchange and transport Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down large food molecules into smaller ones allowing them to be absorbed into cells and used in chemical reactions

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2
Q

Where is amylase made

A

Páncreas e, salivary glands and the small intestine

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3
Q

Amylase substrate and product

A

Starch —-> sugar Which is then used for respiration

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4
Q

Where does amylase act

A

The mouth and small intestine

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5
Q

Where is protease made

A

Stomach small intestine and pancreas

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6
Q

Protease substrate and products

A

Protein and amino acids

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7
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Use of physical structures to break down molecules

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8
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Use of enzymes to break down molecules

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9
Q

Use of amino acids after being digested

A

Make more proteins

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10
Q

What does lipase break down

A

Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids after being

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11
Q

Where does lipase act

A

Small intestine

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12
Q

How are carbohydrates digested

A

Broken down in mouth from salivary amylase
Salivary amylase is denatured in stomach
Pancreatic amylase in small intestine breaks down
All maltose is broken down by membrane home maltase

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13
Q

What does salivary and pancreatic amylase break carbs into

A

Maltose

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14
Q

What does membrane bound maltase hydrolyse

A

Maltase into two glucose molecules

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15
Q

Why are enzymes membrane bound

A

They are not used up so it is to save enzymes from leaving the body

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16
Q

Where is maltase lactase and sucrase made

A

Small intestine

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17
Q

How are carbohydrates absorbed

A

Active transport

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18
Q

How are proteins broken down in the stomach

A

Quaternary structure broken down due to H+ in stomach acid

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19
Q

What does exopeptidase hydrolyse

A

Terminal peptide bonds

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20
Q

What does endopeptidase hydrolyse

A

Internal peptide bonds for quicker hydrolysis

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21
Q

What are proteins broken down into .

A

Dipeptides

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22
Q

How are dipeptides hydrolysed into amino acids

A

By membrane bound dipeptidase

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23
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all biochemical reactions that happen in the body

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24
Q

Metabolic/ respiration rate

A

Speed of all biochemical reactions in the body

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25
Why is lipid digestion slow
Lipase dissolves into water where the lipid is hydrophobic
26
What speeds up lipid absorption
BILE salts
27
Where is bile salts made
Liver
28
How can bile salts help
They have. Hydrophobic half and a hydrophilic half
29
Equation for lipid digestion with bile salts
Fat globule + bile salts —> emulsified fats
30
What Teo things does bile salts do
Emulsify water and lipids Break lipids into smaller droplets
31
Emulsification
Forcing two things to mix
32
Why does ph drop when lipids are hydrolysed
Fatty acids are released which have a low ph
33
Five steps of lipid absorption
1- onoglyceride and fatty acids combine with bile salt to form micelles 2- micelles carry contents to cell membrane 3- monoglyceride and fatty acids simply diffuse into cell and reform triglyceride with lipase 4- triglyceride combines with lipoprotein and cholesterol to form chylomicrons at the Golgi %- packaged into vesicles at Golgi that are released into the lymph
34
What do spiracles cause a loss of and how is it prevented
Water loss when the pores are open But they have an exoskeleton that is impermeable to gasses
35
Order of gas transport locations in insects
Spiracles- pores Trachea Tracheoles Fluid filled tips in tracheoles Muscle tissue Exits
36
What supports the trachea in insects
It is chitin supported
37
What supports the trachea in insects
It is chitin supported
38
What do the tracheoles do for insects
Increase surface area
39
What happens at the flui filled tips of the tracheoles in insects
Respiration The oxygen has just simply diffused into them from the tracheoles
40
What does the muscle tissue do in insects
Maintains the concentration gradient
41
What does anaerobic respiration produce in insects
Nitric acid NOT lactic acid
42
What are the gills supported by in fish
Gill arches
43
What increases the surface area in fish
Fish filaments and llamellae
44
How does blood and water flow in fish
Counter current direction
45
Wat does the counter current system do for fish
Maintains a concentration gradient
46
Where does gas exchange happen in plants
Spongy mesophyll
47
What does the stoma do for plants and what is it the site of
Increases the surface area Transpiration
48
What does a larger surface area do for plants
Absorb more sunlight for photosythnesis
49
What are xerophytes
Plants that live in extreme conditions
50
What do xerophytes have as adaptions and what do they do for them
Less stomata- less transpiration Waxy cuticles- reduce evaporation Layers of hair- traps moist air
51
What ion is associated with haemoglobin
Fe2+
52
Definition of loading
Picking up oxygen
53
Definition of unloading
Dropping off oxygen for respiration
54
How does carbon monoxide poisoning happen
Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin better than oxygen does so less o2 reach’s cells for aerobic respiration
55
Haemoglobin cn change shape based on what
Temp - pH Partial pressure o oxygen and carbon dioxide
56
What are organisms that live in low partial pressures of oxygens affinity for o2 going to be like
They will have a high affinity for oygen to increase loading And the Bohr graph will move to the left
57
Partial pressure
Measuring the volume of a mixture of gases that a specific gas occupies
58
How does the graph move for a low oxygen affinity
To the right
59
How does the graph move for a high oxygen affinity
To the left
60
What is the shape of the Bohr graph
S shaped
61
What type of protein s haemoglobin
Quaternary structure Four polypeptide chains
62
Alveoli
Small air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
63
Bronchi
Two airways branching out from the trachea leading to the bronchioles
64
Bronchioles
Small airways branched out from the bronchi and end at the alveoli
65
Diaphragm
A large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to create pressure changes
66
Breathing in process
External intercostal muscles contract Ribs raise upwards and ourwords Diaphragm contracts and flattens Pressure difference between lungs and atmospheric pressure creates a gradient forces air into the lungs
67
Breathing out process
Intercostal muscles contract Rib cage lowers Diaphragm relaxes and raises upwards Increases pressure forcing air out the lungs
68
Spirometer
Measures lung volume
69
Tidal volume
Volume of air we breathe in and out in each breath
70
Valves
Prevent backflow of blood in the heart and veins Open in low pressure and close in high pressure
71
Arteries
Thick elastic walls made of muscle tissue Small lumen High pressure away from the heart to the body
72
Veins
Thinner walls Lower pressure Larger lumen Has valves
73
Capillaries
One cell thick exchange surface Larger lumen
74
Cardiac cycle
Sequence of cardiac contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)
75
Systole
Contraction
76
Disastole
Relaxation
77
Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped out the heart by one ventricle in one minute
78
Cardiac output equation
Heart rate X stoke volume
79
how are capillaries slightly leaky
small holes allowing small molecules to leave
80
plasma is mostly
water
81
plasma makes up how much of blood
more than half
82
tissue fluid formation
higher hydrostatic pressure at artiole side water is forced out water potential is more negative at venule end some water is re absorbed some goes into lymphatic system
83
coronary heart disease
cholesterol build up in coronary artery blocks oxygen and glucose for respiration
84
higher blood pressure means
higher hydrostatic pressure
85
where is tissue fluid found
surrounding cells
86
why don’t proteins leave capillaries
too large
87
how does water move back into the capillaries at the venule end
by osmosis higher to lower water potential
88
transpiration factors
humidity wind temperature light intensity
89
measure transportation
potometer
90
transpiration happens in
the xylem
91
translocation happened in
the phloem
92
93
what blood vessel enters the kidneys
renal artery

Biology (5 decks)

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