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biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a condensation reaction ?

A

Forms a chemical bond between monomers by releasing a water molecule

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2
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction ?

A

Breaking of chemical bonds between monomers using a water molecule

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3
Q

What is a polymer

A

Made up of repeating units (monomers)

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4
Q

What is a monomer

A

a small molecule that can be found in a polymer

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5
Q

What’s the bond between two monosaccharides called

A

Glycosidic bond

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6
Q

What makes up maltose

A

2 glucose

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7
Q

What makes up Lactose

A

Glucose and Galactose

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8
Q

What is sucrose

A

Glucose and Fructose

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9
Q

What is two monosaccharides called

A

A disaccharide

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10
Q

What are the two different types of carbohydrates

A

Sugars and Starches

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11
Q

What is a polysaccharide made up from

A

Many repeating sugars

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12
Q

Alpha glucose

A

Has OH on the bottom

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13
Q

Beta glucose

A

has OH on the top

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14
Q

Test for starches

A

Iodine or potassium iodide

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15
Q

Iodine positive starch test colours

A

Blue or black

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16
Q

Negative iodine starch test colours

A

Yellow brown

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17
Q

What type of information does the starch test give

A

qualitative (no amount)

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18
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s reagent solution

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19
Q

Steps for testing for sugars

A

Equal amount of solution as sugar,
then heat the water in a water bath above 80 degrees

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20
Q

What does blue benedict’s solution mean

A

No sugars are present, no colour change

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21
Q

What does yellow green benedict’s solution mean

A

Small traces of sugars

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22
Q

What does orange benedict’s solution mean

A

Moderate amount of sugar present

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23
Q

What does brick red benedict’s solution mean

A

A lot of sugar is present

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24
Q

How do you find the amount of sugar present in benedict’s test

A

Evaporate solution with a bunsen burner and weigh mass with a balance

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25
Q

What is a reducing sugar

A

A monosaccharide

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26
Q

What is a non-reducing sugar

A

Disaccharide

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27
Q

Non reducing sugar test

A

Boil the food sample with HCl
Neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate (an alkali)
Add benedict’s solution
Heat in a water bath over 80 degrees

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28
Q

Non reducing sugar test in 4 words

A

Boil
neutralise
solution
Heat

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29
Q

What type of information is the sugar test (benedict’s solution)

A

Semi quantitative

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30
Q

Why is it helpful for starch and glycogen to be branched

A

Quicker hydrolysis

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31
Q

What are lipids made up from

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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32
Q

What are lipids functions

A

Thermal insolation for organs
energy storage and release (triglyceride)
Forming hormones
Making up cell membranes

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33
Q

What is the structure of lipids

A

all lipids contain a fatty acid which contains an acid group and an R group made of a long hydrocarbon chain

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34
Q

Do lipids or carbohydrates have more oxygens and what does it do

A

Lipids have Less carbs and release less energy because of it

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35
Q

What does saturated fats mean

A

Full of hydrogens

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36
Q

What does unsaturated mean

A

Not full of hydrogens

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37
Q

What do saturated fats have

A

single carbon bonds

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38
Q

What do unsaturated fats have

A

double carbon bonds
C=C

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39
Q

Are saturated or unsaturated fats better for you

A

Unsaturated
saturated fats forms cholesterol which causes coronary heart disease

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40
Q

how to draw a triglyceride

A

a box of glycerol and three times for the three fatty acids

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41
Q

what bonds do lipids have

A

ester bonds

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42
Q

what type of energy source is a triglyceride

A

A long term energy source since they have less oxygens and the body doesn’t use them unless it’s an emergency

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43
Q

Are triglycerides insoluble

A

yes so they don’t affect osmosis

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44
Q

what structure do triglycerides make

A

insoluble droplet structures

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45
Q

hydrophobic meaning

A

water resistance

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46
Q

hydrophilic meaning

A

attracts water

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47
Q

what part of the triglycerides are hydrophilic and hydrophobic

A

the glycerol is hydrophilic
fatty acids are hydrophobic

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48
Q

formula for a phosphate ion

A

PO4 3-

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49
Q

what is a phospholipid

A

a triglyceride with one less fatty acid that’s replaced with a phosphate ion

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50
Q

structure of a phospholipid

A

a hydrophilic head with two hydrophobic tails

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51
Q

where are triglycerides made

A

the SER

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52
Q

What do phospholipids do in water

A

Form a bilayer where the hydrofilic tails point inwards and the hydrophobic head points outwards

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53
Q

what’s the bilayer of phospholipids found

A

cell membrane

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54
Q

The emulsion test

A

1- add sample to test tube
2- add ethanol
3- add equal water
4- shake vigorously
5- check for white emulsion

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55
Q

what elements are in an ester bond

A

RCOOH

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56
Q

Biologically important polymer

A

Starch
Protein
Cellulose
Glycogen

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57
Q

Why do phospholipids form bilayer and triglycerides can’t

A

Hydrophilic head which attracts water

Hydrophobic tail which repels water

Triglycerides have 3 tails so are mostly hydrophobic so they hide more than the phospholipids

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58
Q

R group of a fatty acid

A

everything but the COOH

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59
Q

Difference of structure between starch and cellulose

A

Cellulose has beta glucose bonded at 180 because the OH is on the top

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60
Q

functions of proteins

A

forming hormones
forming enzymes
transport across membranes

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61
Q

what are amino acids examples of

A

monomers

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62
Q

what are polypeptides examples off

A

polymers

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63
Q

what is a carboxyllic acid group

A

C double bonded to O and then OH

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64
Q

how are dipeptides formed

A

two amino acids are bonded together by a condensation reaction forming a peptide bond

65
Q

bonds in proteins called

A

peptide bonds

66
Q

what are proteins made up from

A

many polypeptides

67
Q

what’s the shape of a protein determined by

A

the amino acids it’s made up from and the chemical bonds between them

68
Q

the primary structure

A

the sequence of amino acids joined by peptite bonds

69
Q

secondary structure

A

hydrogen and oxygen atoms from other amino acids bond causing it to fold

alpha helix and beta folds

70
Q

tertiary structure

A

two groups of amino acids react
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds or disulphide bonds causing a 3D structure

71
Q

quaternary structure

A

polypeptides interact with other polypeptides which join together forming proteins COVALENTLY

72
Q

lock and key enzyme model

A

complimentary substrate to active site

enzyme substrate complex

two products

73
Q

induced fit model

A

active site isn’t complimentary to substrate

puts a strain on the bonds because active site changed to be complimentary

enzyme substrate complex

active site changes back

74
Q

how does the induced fit model lower the activation energy ?

A

puts a strain on the bonds so it’s easier to break

75
Q

Limiting factors for enzymes

A

Temp
pH
competitive inhibitor
non competitive inhibitor

76
Q

how does pH affect enzymes

A

extreme pH can cause the enzyme to denature and form less enzyme substrate complex

77
Q

how does temp affect enzymes

A

High temp can denature the active site less enzyme substrate complex

Low temp means less formed since they have a lower kinetic energy

78
Q

how do competitive inhibitors affect enzymes

A

Similar shape to substrates that bind to the active site preventing enzyme substrate complex’s being formed

reversible

79
Q

how do non competitive inhibitors affect enzymes

A

binds to the enzyme away from the active site (allosteric) changes the active site shape so no complex’s are formed

irreversible

80
Q

the graph for pH enzymes

A

goes up then down

81
Q

graph for temp enzymes

A

up slowly then down rapidly after optimum

82
Q

substrate conc with no inhibitor

A

increases then plateaus

83
Q

competitive inhibitor enzyme graph

A

straight line up

84
Q

non competitive enzyme graph

A

up then plateaus quickly

85
Q

function of starch

A

energy storage

86
Q

What state are unsaturated fats at room temp

A

Liquid

87
Q

What state are saturated fats at room temp

A

Solid

88
Q

Test for proteins

A

Buirets test (sodium hydroxide nd copper sulfate)
Cooper sulfate causes the solution to be blue
It it remains blue no proteins are present but if it turns purple there are proteins present
(Used to test for enzymes)

89
Q

What is produced during photosynthesis and respiration

A

ATP

90
Q

What does a chaperone do

A

Assists proteins in folding

91
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

92
Q

What chemical reaction produces ATP

A

Respiration

93
Q

What is the sugar called in atp

A

Ribose or Pentose

94
Q

What processes require atp

A

Mitosis homeostasis muscle contraction active transport
Endothermic chemical reactions

95
Q

What three things are in atp

A

3 phosphate ions
A ribose/ pentose
Adenine

96
Q

When is atp made

A

During respiration

97
Q

What is the condensation reaction that makes atp

A

ADP + Pi -> ATP + H2O

98
Q

What is the enzyme called when atp is made

A

ATP synthase

99
Q

What’s the hydrolysis reaction of atp

A

ATP + H2O —> ADP + Pi

100
Q

What is the enzyme called when atp is hydrolysed

A

ATP hydrolase

101
Q

What is the phosphate ion used for as a product of atp hydrolysis

A

To be added to other compounds (phosphorylation)

102
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

Makes things more complimentary and more reactive

103
Q

What enzyme hydrolyses amino acids

A

Peptidase

104
Q

Where are triglycerides bonded ( the two groups)

A

Glycerol- hydroxyl
Fatty acids- carboxyl

105
Q

Why can’t unsaturated fats pack together tightly

A

Their double bonds cause the chain to kink

106
Q

What does dna stand for

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

107
Q

What are the. Four nitrogenous bases

A

Guanine G
Cytosine. C
Adenine A
Thymine T

108
Q

What is the function of dna

A

Holds genetic information

109
Q

What is in a nucleotide

A

A phosphate ion
Deoxyribose
A nitrogenous base

110
Q

What are multiple nucleotides called

A

Polynucleotides

111
Q

Where does the condensation reaction happen in nucleotides

A

Between the phosphate ion and the deoxyribose sugar

112
Q

What are the bonds between nucleotides called

A

Phopshodiester bonds

113
Q

What makes up a dna molecule

A

Two polynucleotide stands with weak hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs

114
Q

What are the gc and at called

A

Complimentary base pairs

115
Q

When does dna replication happen

A

During interphase

116
Q

What is dna replication called

A

Semi-conservative replication

117
Q

What is semi-conservative replication

A

The strands from the parent dna are split and one strand is used for the parent dna as a template to form a complimentary strand

118
Q

What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bass in dna

A

DNA Helicase

119
Q

Where are free nucleotides found

A

In the nucleus

120
Q

What enzyme forms Phosphodiester bonds in dna

A

DNA polymerase (its a condensation reaction)

121
Q

Steps of semi- conservative replication

A

Hydrogen bonds are broken between bases by dna helicase
Free nucleotides line up with complimentary base pairs and form hydrogen bonds
Phosphodiester bonds form by dna polymerase by condensation reaction
Identical to parent dna is formed

122
Q

Semi-conservative replication in four words

A

Hydrogen bonds
Free nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
Identical

123
Q

What is the substrate for dna helicase

A

The dna molecule ( complimentary base pairs)

124
Q

Steps of the biurets test

A

Add sample to distilled water and biurets solution
Shake and leave for five mins
Check for colour change

125
Q

How many alpha and beta chains are in haemoglobin

A

2 beta
2alpha

126
Q

When was DNA first discovered and by who

A

1953
Watson and Crick

127
Q

What are the two isotopes of nitrogen and their two names

A

N-15 (heavy)
N-14 (light)

128
Q

Who made the experiment to prove Watson and crick right and when

A

Meselon and Stahl in 1958

129
Q

What was the steps to the experiment to prove semi conservative replication

A

Grow bacteria in heavy nitrogen
Leave in light nitrogen to replicate once
Extract and centrifuge DNA

130
Q

Why is dna still double stranded after centrifugation

A

The centrifuge can’t break hydrogen bonds

131
Q

How long does dna take to replicate

A

An hour

132
Q

Why are logarithmic graphs used for dna

A

They show exponential growth

133
Q

What is rna short for

A

Ribonucleic acid

134
Q

What is dna an example of

A

Poly nucleotide

135
Q

What is RNAs two jobs

A

Transfer genetic information during protein synthesis
Makes up part of ribosomes

136
Q

What is in a RNA molecule

A

A phosphate ion
Ribose
Nitrogenous base ( not thymine )

137
Q

What are the bases found in rna

A

Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

138
Q

Why are bases not paired in RNA

A

It is single stranded

139
Q

What elements are found in all nucleotides

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Nitrogen

140
Q

What is the name given to the orientation of DNA strands in the double helix

A

Anti parallel

141
Q

solvent definition

A

a liquid something dissolved in

142
Q

solvent definition

A

a liquid something dissolved in

143
Q

metabolism definition

A

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

144
Q

cohesion definition

A

stick together

145
Q

key properties in water

A

metabolite in chemical reactions
solvent for polar
specific heat capacity
specific latent heat
cohesion

146
Q

what is being a metabolite (water) do for it

A

metabolite in chemical reactions like hydrolysis and condensation reaction

147
Q

is water a solvent if so in what

A

it is a solvent in polar molecules

148
Q

why does water have a high specific heat capacity

A

due to multiple hydrogen bonds that require a lot of energy to break

149
Q

what does water have a high specific heat capacity for

A

temperature buffering

150
Q

what does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation for

A

cooling through evaporation

151
Q

what does water being cohesion do

A

provides surface tension for small organisms

152
Q

iron ion

A

Fe (2+)

153
Q

phosphate ion

A

PO4 (3-)

154
Q

what does hydrogen ions do

A

controls pH

155
Q

what do iron ions do

A

binds oxygen to haemoglobin

156
Q

what do sodium ions do

A

co transport of glucose from food to blood

157
Q

what do phosphate ions do

A

atp (energy realease) ,
dna (genetic information)
phospholipids heads (form membranes)

158
Q

what do calcium ions do

A

stimulates muscle contraction

Biology (3 decks)

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