biological molecules Flashcards
1
Q
What is a condensation reaction ?
A
Forms a chemical bond between monomers by releasing a water molecule
2
Q
What is a hydrolysis reaction ?
A
Breaking of chemical bonds between monomers using a water molecule
3
Q
What is a polymer
A
Made up of repeating units (monomers)
4
Q
What is a monomer
A
a small molecule that can be found in a polymer
5
Q
What’s the bond between two monosaccharides called
A
Glycosidic bond
6
Q
What makes up maltose
A
2 glucose
7
Q
What makes up Lactose
A
Glucose and Galactose
8
Q
What is sucrose
A
Glucose and Fructose
9
Q
What is two monosaccharides called
A
A disaccharide
10
Q
What are the two different types of carbohydrates
A
Sugars and Starches
11
Q
What is a polysaccharide made up from
A
Many repeating sugars
12
Q
Alpha glucose
A
Has OH on the bottom
13
Q
Beta glucose
A
has OH on the top
14
Q
Test for starches
A
Iodine or potassium iodide
15
Q
Iodine positive starch test colours
A
Blue or black
16
Q
Negative iodine starch test colours
A
Yellow brown
17
Q
What type of information does the starch test give
A
qualitative (no amount)
18
Q
Test for reducing sugars
A
Benedict’s reagent solution
19
Q
Steps for testing for sugars
A
Equal amount of solution as sugar,
then heat the water in a water bath above 80 degrees
20
Q
What does blue benedict’s solution mean
A
No sugars are present, no colour change
21
Q
What does yellow green benedict’s solution mean
A
Small traces of sugars
22
Q
What does orange benedict’s solution mean
A
Moderate amount of sugar present
23
Q
What does brick red benedict’s solution mean
A
A lot of sugar is present
24
Q
How do you find the amount of sugar present in benedict’s test
A
Evaporate solution with a bunsen burner and weigh mass with a balance
25
What is a reducing sugar
A monosaccharide
26
What is a non-reducing sugar
Disaccharide
27
Non reducing sugar test
Boil the food sample with HCl
Neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate (an alkali)
Add benedict’s solution
Heat in a water bath over 80 degrees
28
Non reducing sugar test in 4 words
Boil
neutralise
solution
Heat
29
What type of information is the sugar test (benedict’s solution)
Semi quantitative
30
Why is it helpful for starch and glycogen to be branched
Quicker hydrolysis
31
What are lipids made up from
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
32
What are lipids functions
Thermal insolation for organs
energy storage and release (triglyceride)
Forming hormones
Making up cell membranes
33
What is the structure of lipids
all lipids contain a fatty acid which contains an acid group and an R group made of a long hydrocarbon chain
34
Do lipids or carbohydrates have more oxygens and what does it do
Lipids have Less carbs and release less energy because of it
35
What does saturated fats mean
Full of hydrogens
36
What does unsaturated mean
Not full of hydrogens
37
What do saturated fats have
single carbon bonds
38
What do unsaturated fats have
double carbon bonds
C=C
39
Are saturated or unsaturated fats better for you
Unsaturated
saturated fats forms cholesterol which causes coronary heart disease
40
how to draw a triglyceride
a box of glycerol and three times for the three fatty acids
41
what bonds do lipids have
ester bonds
42
what type of energy source is a triglyceride
A long term energy source since they have less oxygens and the body doesn’t use them unless it’s an emergency
43
Are triglycerides insoluble
yes so they don’t affect osmosis
44
what structure do triglycerides make
insoluble droplet structures
45
hydrophobic meaning
water resistance
46
hydrophilic meaning
attracts water
47
what part of the triglycerides are hydrophilic and hydrophobic
the glycerol is hydrophilic
fatty acids are hydrophobic
48
formula for a phosphate ion
PO4 3-
49
what is a phospholipid
a triglyceride with one less fatty acid that’s replaced with a phosphate ion
50
structure of a phospholipid
a hydrophilic head with two hydrophobic tails
51
where are triglycerides made
the SER
52
What do phospholipids do in water
Form a bilayer where the hydrofilic tails point inwards and the hydrophobic head points outwards
53
what’s the bilayer of phospholipids found
cell membrane
54
The emulsion test
1- add sample to test tube
2- add ethanol
3- add equal water
4- shake vigorously
5- check for white emulsion
55
what elements are in an ester bond
RCOOH
56
Biologically important polymer
Starch
Protein
Cellulose
Glycogen
57
Why do phospholipids form bilayer and triglycerides can’t
Hydrophilic head which attracts water
Hydrophobic tail which repels water
Triglycerides have 3 tails so are mostly hydrophobic so they hide more than the phospholipids
58
R group of a fatty acid
everything but the COOH
59
Difference of structure between starch and cellulose
Cellulose has beta glucose bonded at 180 because the OH is on the top
60
functions of proteins
forming hormones
forming enzymes
transport across membranes
61
what are amino acids examples of
monomers
62
what are polypeptides examples off
polymers
63
what is a carboxyllic acid group
C double bonded to O and then OH
64
how are dipeptides formed
two amino acids are bonded together by a condensation reaction forming a peptide bond
65
bonds in proteins called
peptide bonds
66
what are proteins made up from
many polypeptides
67
what’s the shape of a protein determined by
the amino acids it’s made up from and the chemical bonds between them
68
the primary structure
the sequence of amino acids joined by peptite bonds
69
secondary structure
hydrogen and oxygen atoms from other amino acids bond causing it to fold
alpha helix and beta folds
70
tertiary structure
two groups of amino acids react
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds or disulphide bonds causing a 3D structure
71
quaternary structure
polypeptides interact with other polypeptides which join together forming proteins COVALENTLY
72
lock and key enzyme model
complimentary substrate to active site
enzyme substrate complex
two products
73
induced fit model
active site isn’t complimentary to substrate
puts a strain on the bonds because active site changed to be complimentary
enzyme substrate complex
active site changes back
74
how does the induced fit model lower the activation energy ?
puts a strain on the bonds so it’s easier to break
75
Limiting factors for enzymes
Temp
pH
competitive inhibitor
non competitive inhibitor
76
how does pH affect enzymes
extreme pH can cause the enzyme to denature and form less enzyme substrate complex
77
how does temp affect enzymes
High temp can denature the active site less enzyme substrate complex
Low temp means less formed since they have a lower kinetic energy
78
how do competitive inhibitors affect enzymes
Similar shape to substrates that bind to the active site preventing enzyme substrate complex’s being formed
reversible
79
how do non competitive inhibitors affect enzymes
binds to the enzyme away from the active site (allosteric) changes the active site shape so no complex’s are formed
irreversible
80
the graph for pH enzymes
goes up then down
81
graph for temp enzymes
up slowly then down rapidly after optimum
82
substrate conc with no inhibitor
increases then plateaus
83
competitive inhibitor enzyme graph
straight line up
84
non competitive enzyme graph
up then plateaus quickly
85
function of starch
energy storage
86
What state are unsaturated fats at room temp
Liquid
87
What state are saturated fats at room temp
Solid
88
Test for proteins
Buirets test (sodium hydroxide nd copper sulfate)
Cooper sulfate causes the solution to be blue
It it remains blue no proteins are present but if it turns purple there are proteins present
(Used to test for enzymes)
89
What is produced during photosynthesis and respiration
ATP
90
What does a chaperone do
Assists proteins in folding
91
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine triphosphate
92
What chemical reaction produces ATP
Respiration
93
What is the sugar called in atp
Ribose or Pentose
94
What processes require atp
Mitosis homeostasis muscle contraction active transport
Endothermic chemical reactions
95
What three things are in atp
3 phosphate ions
A ribose/ pentose
Adenine
96
When is atp made
During respiration
97
What is the condensation reaction that makes atp
ADP + Pi -> ATP + H2O
98
What is the enzyme called when atp is made
ATP synthase
99
What’s the hydrolysis reaction of atp
ATP + H2O —> ADP + Pi
100
What is the enzyme called when atp is hydrolysed
ATP hydrolase
101
What is the phosphate ion used for as a product of atp hydrolysis
To be added to other compounds (phosphorylation)
102
What is phosphorylation
Makes things more complimentary and more reactive
103
What enzyme hydrolyses amino acids
Peptidase
104
Where are triglycerides bonded ( the two groups)
Glycerol- hydroxyl
Fatty acids- carboxyl
105
Why can’t unsaturated fats pack together tightly
Their double bonds cause the chain to kink
106
What does dna stand for
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
107
What are the. Four nitrogenous bases
Guanine G
Cytosine. C
Adenine A
Thymine T
108
What is the function of dna
Holds genetic information
109
What is in a nucleotide
A phosphate ion
Deoxyribose
A nitrogenous base
110
What are multiple nucleotides called
Polynucleotides
111
Where does the condensation reaction happen in nucleotides
Between the phosphate ion and the deoxyribose sugar
112
What are the bonds between nucleotides called
Phopshodiester bonds
113
What makes up a dna molecule
Two polynucleotide stands with weak hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs
114
What are the gc and at called
Complimentary base pairs
115
When does dna replication happen
During interphase
116
What is dna replication called
Semi-conservative replication
117
What is semi-conservative replication
The strands from the parent dna are split and one strand is used for the parent dna as a template to form a complimentary strand
118
What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bass in dna
DNA Helicase
119
Where are free nucleotides found
In the nucleus
120
What enzyme forms Phosphodiester bonds in dna
DNA polymerase (its a condensation reaction)
121
Steps of semi- conservative replication
Hydrogen bonds are broken between bases by dna helicase
Free nucleotides line up with complimentary base pairs and form hydrogen bonds
Phosphodiester bonds form by dna polymerase by condensation reaction
Identical to parent dna is formed
122
Semi-conservative replication in four words
Hydrogen bonds
Free nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
Identical
123
What is the substrate for dna helicase
The dna molecule ( complimentary base pairs)
124
Steps of the biurets test
Add sample to distilled water and biurets solution
Shake and leave for five mins
Check for colour change
125
How many alpha and beta chains are in haemoglobin
2 beta
2alpha
126
When was DNA first discovered and by who
1953
Watson and Crick
127
What are the two isotopes of nitrogen and their two names
N-15 (heavy)
N-14 (light)
128
Who made the experiment to prove Watson and crick right and when
Meselon and Stahl in 1958
129
What was the steps to the experiment to prove semi conservative replication
Grow bacteria in heavy nitrogen
Leave in light nitrogen to replicate once
Extract and centrifuge DNA
130
Why is dna still double stranded after centrifugation
The centrifuge can’t break hydrogen bonds
131
How long does dna take to replicate
An hour
132
Why are logarithmic graphs used for dna
They show exponential growth
133
What is rna short for
Ribonucleic acid
134
What is dna an example of
Poly nucleotide
135
What is RNAs two jobs
Transfer genetic information during protein synthesis
Makes up part of ribosomes
136
What is in a RNA molecule
A phosphate ion
Ribose
Nitrogenous base ( not thymine )
137
What are the bases found in rna
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
138
Why are bases not paired in RNA
It is single stranded
139
What elements are found in all nucleotides
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
140
What is the name given to the orientation of DNA strands in the double helix
Anti parallel
141
solvent definition
a liquid something dissolved in
142
metabolism definition
sum of all chemical reactions in the body
143
cohesion definition
stick together
144
key properties in water
metabolite in chemical reactions
solvent for polar
specific heat capacity
specific latent heat
cohesion
145
what is being a metabolite (water) do for it
metabolite in chemical reactions like hydrolysis and condensation reaction
146
is water a solvent if so in what
it is a solvent in polar molecules
147
why does water have a high specific heat capacity
due to multiple hydrogen bonds that require a lot of energy to break
148
what does water have a high specific heat capacity for
temperature buffering
149
what does water have a high latent heat of vaporisation for
cooling through evaporation
150
what does water being cohesion do
provides surface tension for small organisms
151
iron ion
Fe (2+)
152
phosphate ion
PO4 (3-)
153
what does hydrogen ions do
controls pH
154
what do iron ions do
binds oxygen to haemoglobin
155
what do sodium ions do
co transport of glucose from food to blood
156
what do phosphate ions do
atp (energy realease) ,
dna (genetic information)
phospholipids heads (form membranes)
157
what do calcium ions do
stimulates muscle contraction
158
What does hydrogen ions do
Control pH which affects enzyme controlled reactions
159
What do iron ions do
Bind oxygen to haemoglobin which allows oxygen to reach cells for aerobic respiration
160
What do sodium ions do
Co transport of glucose from food to the blood which allows it to reach the cells for both types of respiration
161
What does phosphate ions do
In atp for energy release
In phospholipid heads for forming membranes
In dna and rna for holding genetic information
162
What do calcium ions do
Stimulate muscle contraction for movement
163
What bonds connect adjacent nucleotides
Phosphodiester
164
What side is DNA polymerase complimentary too
The ‘3
Not the ‘5
