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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Algae and Fungi proktaryoted or eukaryotic

A

They can be both

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2
Q

Golgi vesicles

A

stores lipids and proteins made by the golgi and transports them out of the cell

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3
Q

Lysosome

A

Contains lysozymes that digest invading cells and or break down worn out components of the cell

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4
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

RER

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at their ribosomes

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6
Q

SER

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

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7
Q

cell wall

A

supports cell and prevents them changing shape

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8
Q

vacuole

A

maintains pressure inside the cell and keeps the call rigid stops plants witling. isolates unwanted chemicals inside the cell

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

processes and packages new lipids and proteins and makes lysosomes

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10
Q

chloroplasts

A

site of photosynthesis happens in the stroma or the grana

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11
Q

mitochondrion

A

site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

contains DNA

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13
Q

nucleus pores

A

allow subtances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm

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14
Q

nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes

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15
Q

cell membrane

A

regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. has receptor molecules that allow it to respond to hormones

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16
Q

What are the cell walls of fungi made from

A

Chitin

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17
Q

What makes up the cell walls of plants

A

Cellulose

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18
Q

What makes up the cell walls of algae

A

Cellulose

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19
Q

What 3 things are in mitocondria

A

Outer membrane
Cristae (inner membrane)
Matrix

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20
Q

Are viruses living or non living

A

Non living

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21
Q

Why are viruses non living

A

They have no cell membrane or mitochondria

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22
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

They need a host cell to insert their genetic material into to reproduce

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23
Q

what does a slime capsule do

A

Provides protection for the cell

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24
Q

plasmids

A

contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance

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25
Q

flagellum

A

for movement

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26
Q

capsid

A

provides protection

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27
Q

attachment proteins

A

bind to receptors of host cells

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28
Q

resolution

A

the ability to see the difference between to different points

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29
Q

magnification

A

measure of how many times bigger an imagine is than the actual object

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30
Q

what’s an optical microscope

A

light microscope

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31
Q

what is a TEM

A

transmission electron microscope

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32
Q

what is a SEM

A

scanning electron microscope

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33
Q

what’s an artefact

A

what is left over from the preparation process (microscopes)
A foreign object that isn’t the sample

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34
Q

how do TEMs work

A

electrons are transmitted through the specimen from a beam of electrons which is focused by electromagnets

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35
Q

how are the images different colours on TEMS

A

denser parts absorb electrons which makes them look darker

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36
Q

TEMs specimens and how they appear

A

thin specimens, they look 2D but had high resolution

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37
Q

how do SEMs work

A

beam of electrons is scanned across the specimen which is gathered at the cathode ray tube to form an image

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38
Q

SEMs specimens

A

thick specimens but have lower resolution and 3D images

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39
Q

what do SEMs and TEMs both have in common

A

used under a vacuum
dead samples
no colour
artefacts

40
Q

three steps of cell fractionation

A

Homogenisation
Filtration
Centrifugation

41
Q

Homogenisation steps

A

cells are broken up by a homogeniser which breaks open membranes

42
Q

homogenisation conditions

A

Ice cold
pH buffers
isotonic solution

43
Q

step two of cell fractionation

A

filtration, the harmoganate is filtered to remove full cells or debris

44
Q

step three of cell fractionation

A

centrifugation- ultracentrifuge spins at a high speed and denser organelles form a pellet at the bottom and the rest in a supernatent

45
Q

most the least dense organelles

A

nucleus
mitocondria
lysosomes
ER
ribosomes

46
Q

what’s the machines called in cell fractionation

A

ultracentrifuge

47
Q

what is mueren

A

glycoprotein

48
Q

order of mitosis stages

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

49
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense becoming shorter and thicker so they are visible

nuclear membrane and nucleolus break down

centrioles move to opposite poles

50
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up down the equator

spindle fibres attach to centromeres

51
Q

anaphase

A

chromatic are pulled apart by spindle fibres at the centromere to opposite poles

52
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes become indistinct

nuclear membrane reforms

spindle fibres are gone

nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform

53
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm and organelles are equally split

genetically identical daughter cells

54
Q

prokaryote

A

no membrane bound organelles

55
Q

why are viruses dead and are acellular

A

not made of cells, can’t respire

56
Q

size of a virus

A

0.1 micro meters

57
Q

G1 interphase

A

organelles duplicate

58
Q

S interphase

A

dna starts to replicate

59
Q

G2 interphase

A

dna replication is finished
Cell continues to grow

60
Q

What organelle has stacked membranes in parallel and contains DNA

A

Chloroplast

61
Q

What organelle is made from a polysaccharide

A

The cell wall

62
Q

What organelle is not surrounded by two membranes

A

Golgi apparatus

63
Q

Why might there be more mitochondria in cells

A

Synthesis of protein
Movement
Active transport

64
Q

What biological molecule is in the cell membrane

A

Phospholipds

65
Q

What biological molecule is in a prokaryotes cell wall

A

Murein

66
Q

Why might the nucleus not be in view on a microscope

A

Could be in a different part of the cell

67
Q

How to get from centimeters to micrometers

A

Times by 10 to the power of eight

68
Q

What’s the importance of mitosis

A

It increases the number of cells in the body and can repair tissues

69
Q

Why might you use a large number of cells when investigating mitosis

A

Some cells won’t be going under mitosis

70
Q

What is binary fusion

A

Cell division in prokaryotic cells

71
Q

Binary fusion steps

A

Circular dna and plasmid replicate
Cell lengthens and dna is pulled to opposite poles
new membrane grows between dna and pinches in
A new cell wall forms between the dna splitting them so there are two cells

72
Q

Ribosomes sizes in prokaryotes

A

70s

73
Q

Ribosomes sizes in a eukaryote

A

80s

74
Q

Why can’t organelles be identified using optical microscopes

A

Low resolution and wavelength of light is too long

75
Q

What organelles are in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Cell surface membrane
DNA
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

76
Q

What points in the cell cycle does the cell have double the mass

A

G2 interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

77
Q

What is chitin (element wise)

A

Nitrogenous

78
Q

What is simple diffusion

A

Net movement of particles from a higher to a lower concerntration
Passive no it requires no energy

79
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Larger molecules diffuse slowly through the phospholipid bilayer using either carrier or channel proteins

80
Q

Examples of simple diffusion

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide since they are soluble in lipids and can dissolve in a hydrophobic bilayer of phospholipids

81
Q

Factors that affect simple diffusion

A

Temperature (stirring in a practical)
Surface area
Steeper concentration
Length of diffusion distance

82
Q

Factors that affect facilitated diffusion

A

Everything in simple
Number of channel and carrier proteins

83
Q

Channel proteins

A

Facilitate ions through to the cell
It has a direct path

84
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Facilitate amino acids glucose or other large molecules into the cell
It changes shape

85
Q

Carrier proteins process of facilitated diffusion

A

Large molecule attaches to the binding site
Carrier Protein changes shape
Releases molecule into the intra cellular space

86
Q

Carrier proteins process of facilitated diffusion

A

Large molecule attaches to the binding site
Carrier Protein changes shape
Releases molecule into the intra cellular space

87
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement of water molecules by aquaporins from higher water potential to a lower water potential across a semi permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached

88
Q

Water potential

A

The likelihood of water molecules diffusing in or out of a solution

89
Q

What are the units for water potential

A

Kilopascals

90
Q

Isotonic

A

Same water potential as inside the cell

91
Q

Hypertonic

A

Lower water potential than the cell so water moves out
Animal cells shrivel
Plant cells go flaccid

92
Q

Hypotonic

A

Higher water potential than the cell so water moves in
Animal cells burst
Plant turgid

93
Q

Factors that affect osmosis

A

Temp
Surface area
Aquaporins number
Water potential gradient

94
Q

How can cells specialise to have a larger surface area

A

Folding membranes like the microvilli

95
Q

What makes up ribose

A

Protein and RNA

96
Q

What happens to cancer cells when they die

A

Can burst open

Biology (3 decks)

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