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Biology > Exchange And Transport > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Why do multicellular organismsrequire specialised gas exchange surfaces

A

The distance that needs to be crossed is too large and substances cannot easily enter the cells as in a single celled organism

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2
Q

How is surface area to volume ratio calculated

A

Ratio=surface area/ volume

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3
Q

Name three features of an efficient gas exchange surface

A

Large surface area
Thin/ short distance
Steep concentration gradient

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4
Q

Describe trachea and its function

A

Wide tube supported by c- shaped cartilage
Lined by ciliated epithelium cells
Carries air to bronchi

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5
Q

Decide bronchi and their function

A

Supported by cartilage lined by ciliated epithelium cells
Allow passage of air into the bronchioles

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6
Q

Describe the bronchioles and their function

A

Smooth muscles and elastic fibres
Allow passage of air into the alveoli

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7
Q

Describe alveoli and their function

A

Mini Air sacs epithelium cells site of gas exchange
Walls only one cell thick covered with capillaries

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8
Q

Explain the process of inspiration

A

External intercostal muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Volume increases
Air pressure outside the lungs is higher so air moves in

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9
Q

Explain the process of expiration

A

External intercostal muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes and domes upward
Volume decreases
Air pressure outside is lower so air moves out

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10
Q

Spirometer

A

Measures lung volume breathe into airtight chamber leaves a trace on a graph which shows the volume of the breaths

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11
Q

Vital capacity

A

Max volume of air can be expelled in one breath

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12
Q

Tidal volume

A

Vol of air breath in and out during each breath at rest

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13
Q

Breathing rate

A

Number of breaths each minute

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14
Q

Two main features of a fish’s gas transport system

A

Gills
Lamellea

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15
Q

Gas exchange in a fish

A

Buccal cavity volume increased to enable water to flow in reduced to increase pressure
Water is pumped over lamellae by opurculum oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream
Waste carbon dioxide diffuses into the water and flows back out of the Gills

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16
Q

Countercurrent system

A

Maintains a steep concentration gradient as water is always next to blood of a lower oxygen concentration. Keeps rate of diffusion constant and enables 80% of available oxygen to be absorbed

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17
Q

Three features of an insects gas transport system

A

Spriracles
Tracheae
Thracheoles

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18
Q

Process of gas exchange- insects

A

Gases move in and out of tracheae though the spiracles
Diffusion gradient allows oxygen to diffuse into body tissue while waste co2 diffuses out
Contraction of muscles in the trachea allows movement of air in and out

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19
Q

Different types of circulatory system

A

Open- blood diffuses out of vessels
Closed- blood confined to vessels
Single- blood passes though pump once per circuit
Double- blood passes through heart twice per circuit

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20
Q

Structure and function of arteries

A

Thick muscular walls to handle high pressure
Elastic tissue allows recoil to prevent pressure surges
Narrow lumen to maintain pressure

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21
Q

Structure and funtion- veins

A

Thin walls- lower pressure
Valves- blood doesn’t flow backwards
Less muscular and elastic tissue- don’t have to control blood flow

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22
Q

Structure and function cappilaries

A

Walls only one cell thick- short diffusion pathway
Narrow- can permeate tissues and red blood cells can lie flat against the wall
Numerous and highly branched providing a large surface area

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23
Q

Structure function- arterioles and venules

A

Branch off arteries and veins in order to feed blood into cappilaries
Smaller then arteries and veins so the pressure is more gradual

24
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Watery substance containing glucose,amino acids ,oxygen and other nutrients supplies these to cells while also removing waste materials

25
Q

Pressure that influences formation of tissue fluid

A

Hydrostatic pressure-higher at arterial end of capillary
Oncotic pressure-changing water potential of the capillaries as water moves out induced by proteins in the plasma

26
Q

Pressure that influences formation of tissue fluid

A

Hydrostatic pressure-higher at arterial end of capillary
Oncotic pressure-changing water potential of the capillaries as water moves out induced by proteins in the plasma

27
Q

How is tissue fluid formed

A

As blood is pumped through vessels hydrostatic pressure is greater than oncotic so fluid moves out then it exchanges substances with the cells

28
Q

Cardiac diastole

A

Heart is relaxed blood enters atria increasing the pressure and pushing open the atrioventricular valves. This allows blood to flow into ventricles. Pressure in the heart is lower than in arteries so seminar valves remain closed

29
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atrial contract pushing blood into ventricles

30
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract. Pressure increases, closing av valves to prevent backflow, and opening the senilunar valves . Blood flown into the arteries

31
Q

Calculate cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = heart rate× stroke volume

32
Q

Myogenic

A

The hearts contraction is initiated from within the muscle itself rather than by nerve impulses

33
Q

Explain how the heart contracts

A

SAN initiates and spreads impulse across the atria so the contract
AVN receives delays and then conveys the impulse down the bundle of nerves
Impulse travels into the purkinje fibres which branch across the ventricles so they contract from the bottom up

34
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

A graph showing the amount of electrical activity in the heart during the cardiac cycle

35
Q

Types of abnormal activity may be seen on an ECG

A

Tachycardia- fast heartbeat
Bradycardia- slow heartbeat
Fibrillation- irregular fast heartbeat
Ectopic- early/ extra heartbeat

36
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Present in red blood cells. Oxygen molecules bind to the haem groups and are carried around the body then released where they are needed in respiring tissues

37
Q

How does partial pressure of oxygen affect oxygen haemoglobin binding

A

As partial pressure of o2 increases the affinity of haemoglobin for o2 also increases so o2 binds tightly to haemoglobin when partial pressure is low o2 is released

38
Q

What do oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curves show

A

Saturation of with oxygen plotted against partial pressure of o2 curves further to the left show the haemoglobin has a higher affinityfor oxygen

39
Q

Describe the Bohr effect

A

As partial pressure of co2 increases the conditions become acidic causing haemoglobin to change shape the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen therefore decreases so o2 is released

40
Q

The role of carbonic anhydrase in the Bohr effect

A

Present in red blood cells
Converts co2 to carbonic acid which dissociates to produce protons
These combine with haemoglobin to form haemoglobinic acid
Encourages o2 to dissociated from haemoglobin

41
Q

Explain the role of bicarbonate ions in gas exchange

A

Produced alongside carbonic acid 70% of co2 is carried in this form
In the lungs bicarbonate ions are converted back into co2 which we breathe out

42
Q

Describe the chloride shift

A

The intake of chloride ions across a red blood cell membrane this repolarises the cell after bicarbonate ions have diffused out

43
Q

Structure function xylem

A

Long continuous columns made of dead tissue
Contain pits allowing water to move sideways between vessels
Thickened with a tough substance providing structural support

44
Q

Structure function phloem

A

Sieve tube elements
Companion cells
Plasmodesnata allow flow of substances between cytoplasm of different cells

45
Q

Structure and function of the vascular root system

A

Xylem and phloem.
Xylem in an x shape surrounded by endodermis

46
Q

Structure function vascular stem system

A

Consists of xylem and phloem. Xylem on inside of bundle to provide support and flexibility phloem on outside layer of meristem cells that produce new x&p tissue when required

47
Q

Structure function vascular leave system

A

Forms the midriff and veins, involved in transport and support .

48
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
Consequence of gaseous exchange occurs when the plant opens the stomata to exchange o2 and co2

49
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A

Increased light more
Increased temperature more
Increased humidity less
Increases air movement more
Waxy cuticle prevents transpiration

50
Q

How can we measure transpiration rate

A

Photometer. Plant cutting is placed in a water filled tube that contains an air bubble. Rate of transpiration I’d calculated by measuring the movement of the air bubble over time

51
Q

Apoplastic pathway

A

A method of Osmosis through the root hair cells where water moves through call walls and intercellular spaces this pathway can only be used until water reached the campaign strip

52
Q

Symplastic pathway

A

A method of Osmosis through the root hair cells where water moves through the cytoplasm via plasmodesmata. To begin this pathway water must be actively transported into cells

53
Q

Cohesion-tension theory

A

Water molecules form h bonds with each other, causing them to stick together. As water is lost it creates tension and water is pulled up the plant

54
Q

Adaptations of xerophytes that allow them to live in dry conditions

A

Small/rolled leaves
Densely packed mesophyll
Thick waxy cuticle
Stomata often closed
Hairs to trap moist air

55
Q

Adaptations of hydrophytes that allow them to live in wet conditions

A

Thin or absent waxy cuticle
Sto.ata often open
Wide flat leaves
Air spaces for buoyancy

56
Q

Mechanism of translocation

A

Sucrose produced in leaves loaded into several tubes by active transport
Lowers water potential causing water to move in from xylem
Assimilates move along the sieve tube towards areas of lower hydrostatic pressure sucrose diffuses into surrounding cells where its needed

Biology (6 decks)

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