Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Biodiversity Evolution And Disease > Flashcards

Biodiversity Evolution And Disease Flashcards

1
Q

4 groups of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Protoctista
Viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes malaria

A

Female anopheles mosquito acts as vector. Protoctista when it transfers saliva to another organism during feeding.
Parasite reproduces asexually in red blood cells in liver causing lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Direct transmission

A

Inhalation
Skin to skin contact
Penetrate skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Consumption of contaminated food/ drink
Via a vector
Spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do living conditions affect disease transmission

A

Overcrowding increases direct transmission
Climate determines which organisms can survive
Social factors influence how quickly people are treated which can increase/ decrease direct transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 barriers to pathogen entry in plants

A

Cellulose
Lignified
Waxy upper cuticle
Old vascular tissue is blocked to prevent pathogens from spreading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 mechanical responses to infection in plants

A

Guard cells close stomata
The thick polysaccharide callose is produced and deposited between cell wall and plasma membrane to increase entry distance/ limit spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is necrosis

A

Injury activates intracellular enzymes in plants that kills cells near the site of infection to prevent pathogen from spreading
Necrosis of woody tissue is known as canker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemical defenses plants use against pathogens

A

Terlenoids-e.g.bmenthols act as antibacterial
Phenols-e.g. tannin inhibit insects from attacking by interfering with digestion
Alkaloids- e.g. caffeine and morphins deter herbivores from feeding because they taste bitter
Defensins- inhibit transport channels
Hydrolysis enzymes- e.g. chitinases break down cell wall of invading organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

5 barriers to infection in animals

A

Skin
Blood clotting
Hydrochloric acid in stomach
Harmless bacteria in gut increase competition
Mucous membrane traps pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Expulsion reflexes

A

Body attempts to force foreign substances out
Sneezing
Coughing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nonspecific immune response

A

Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Digestive lysozymes
Production of interferon(anti viral agent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Process of inflammation

A

Damaged vessels release histamines causing vasodilation
Blood flow+permeability of blood vessels increase
White blood cells &plasma move into the infected tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Blood clotting

A

Platelets form plug &release chemicals that enhance clotting
Prothrombin changes into thrombin its active form
Fibrinogen changes into Insoluble fibrin which covers wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes moves towards pathogen which may have been marked by opsonins via chemotaxis
Phagocyte engulfs pathogen via endocytosis to form a phagosome
Phagosome fuses with lysosome (phagolysosome)
Lysosomes digest pathogens
Phagocyte absorbs the products from pathogen hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Role of antigen presenting cells

A

Enhances recognition by Th cells which cannot directly interface with pathogens/ antigens in body fluid
Secrete cytokines involved in stimulating specific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

2 types of specific immune response

A

Cell-mediated
Humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Structure and function - B&T lymphocytes

A

Receptors and immunoglobulins on surface
B cells differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
3 T cells- T helper(secrete cytokines) T killer( secrete perforin) and T regulator( suppress other immune cells to prevent autoimmune disease)

20
Q

Antibodies

A

2 light chains held by disulfide bridges to 2 long chains
Binding sites on variable region of light chains have specific tertiary structure complementary to an antigen

21
Q

Examples of passive and active immunity

A

Passive natural- antibodies in breast milk/ across placenta
Passive artificial-antivenom needle stick injections
Active natural- humoral response to infection
Active artificial- vaccination

22
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Immune system produces antibodies against its own tissue

23
Q

Principles of vaccination

A

Vaccine contains dead/inactive form of pathogen
Triggers primary immune response
Memory cells are produced and remain in the bloodstream so secondary response is rapid &produces higher concentration of antibodies
Pathogen is destroyed before it causes symptoms

23
Q

Principles of vaccination

A

Vaccine contains dead/inactive form of pathogen
Triggers primary immune response
Memory cells are produced and remain in the bloodstream so secondary response is rapid &produces higher concentration of antibodies
Pathogen is destroyed before it causes symptoms

24
Q

Endemic and epidemic

A

Endemic- disease occurs routinely in a geographical area
Epidemic- temporary rapid increase in incidence of disease in a geographical area

25
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms .

26
Q

Species richness vs. Evenness

A

Richness= number of species in an area
Evenness= whether species have similar numbers

27
Q

Simpsons index of diversity

A

Total no. Organisms compared to total number of organisms of each species
High means several different species are equally abundant

28
Q

How can we assess genetic diversity

A

Proportion of polymorphic gene loci= number of polymorphic gene loci/ total number of loci

29
Q

Factors that affect biodiversity

A

Population growth deforestation climate change

30
Q

Reasons to maintain biodiversity

A

Ecological= protecting species maintaining resources
Economic= reducing soil depletion
Aesthetic=protecting landscapes

31
Q

Conservation

A

Protection and management of species and habitats in order to maintain biodiversity in situ( in the organisms habitat) or ex situ( outside the organisms habitat)

32
Q

In situ conservation

A

Marine conservation zones
Wildlife reserves

33
Q

Ex situ conservation

A

Seed banks
Botanic Gardens
Zoos

34
Q

Agreements made to protect species and habitats

A

Convention on international trade in endangered species(CITES)
Room Convention on biological diversity(CBD)
Countryside stewardship scheme(CSS)

35
Q

Classification

A

Process of naming and organising organisms into groups based on their characteristics

36
Q

The classification hierarchy

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

37
Q

Two components to a binomial name

A

Genus and species

38
Q

5 kindoms and 3 domains

A

Kindoms=prokaryote protoctista fungi plantar animalistic
Domains= bacteria archaea eukaryota

39
Q

How are organisms classified into a kingdom

A

Based on similarities in observable characteristics

40
Q

Difference between classification and phylogeny

A

Classification is simply sorting organisms into groups. Phylogeny investigates the evolutionary relationships between organisms

41
Q

Natural selection

A

Random mutation
Selection pressure
Those with new alleles more likely to survive and pass on genes

42
Q

Inta and inter specific variation

A

Intra- variation within the same species
Inter- variation between different species

43
Q

Continuous and discontinuous variation

A

Continuous- variation exists as gradual changes over a range
Discontinuous- variation exists as distinct categories

44
Q

Why spearmans rank correlation

A

To measure correlation between 2 variables

45
Q

How are spearmans rank results interpreted

A

Closer to 1= more positive
Closer to -1 = more negative
Around 0 =no correlation

46
Q

Three types of adaptation

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Behavioural

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions