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Biology > Biodiversity Evolution And Disease > Flashcards

Biodiversity Evolution And Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 groups of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Fungi
Protoctista
Viruses

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2
Q

What causes malaria

A

Female anopheles mosquito acts as vector. Protoctista when it transfers saliva to another organism during feeding.
Parasite reproduces asexually in red blood cells in liver causing lysis

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3
Q

Direct transmission

A

Inhalation
Skin to skin contact
Penetrate skin

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4
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Consumption of contaminated food/ drink
Via a vector
Spores

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5
Q

How do living conditions affect disease transmission

A

Overcrowding increases direct transmission
Climate determines which organisms can survive
Social factors influence how quickly people are treated which can increase/ decrease direct transmission

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6
Q

4 barriers to pathogen entry in plants

A

Cellulose
Lignified
Waxy upper cuticle
Old vascular tissue is blocked to prevent pathogens from spreading

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7
Q

2 mechanical responses to infection in plants

A

Guard cells close stomata
The thick polysaccharide callose is produced and deposited between cell wall and plasma membrane to increase entry distance/ limit spread

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8
Q

What is necrosis

A

Injury activates intracellular enzymes in plants that kills cells near the site of infection to prevent pathogen from spreading
Necrosis of woody tissue is known as canker

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9
Q

Chemical defenses plants use against pathogens

A

Terlenoids-e.g.bmenthols act as antibacterial
Phenols-e.g. tannin inhibit insects from attacking by interfering with digestion
Alkaloids- e.g. caffeine and morphins deter herbivores from feeding because they taste bitter
Defensins- inhibit transport channels
Hydrolysis enzymes- e.g. chitinases break down cell wall of invading organisms

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10
Q

5 barriers to infection in animals

A

Skin
Blood clotting
Hydrochloric acid in stomach
Harmless bacteria in gut increase competition
Mucous membrane traps pathogens

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11
Q

Expulsion reflexes

A

Body attempts to force foreign substances out
Sneezing
Coughing

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12
Q

Nonspecific immune response

A

Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Digestive lysozymes
Production of interferon(anti viral agent)

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13
Q

Process of inflammation

A

Damaged vessels release histamines causing vasodilation
Blood flow+permeability of blood vessels increase
White blood cells &plasma move into the infected tissue

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14
Q

Blood clotting

A

Platelets form plug &release chemicals that enhance clotting
Prothrombin changes into thrombin its active form
Fibrinogen changes into Insoluble fibrin which covers wound

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15
Q

2 phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes moves towards pathogen which may have been marked by opsonins via chemotaxis
Phagocyte engulfs pathogen via endocytosis to form a phagosome
Phagosome fuses with lysosome (phagolysosome)
Lysosomes digest pathogens
Phagocyte absorbs the products from pathogen hydrolysis

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17
Q

Role of antigen presenting cells

A

Enhances recognition by Th cells which cannot directly interface with pathogens/ antigens in body fluid
Secrete cytokines involved in stimulating specific immune response

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18
Q

2 types of specific immune response

A

Cell-mediated
Humoral

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19
Q

Structure and function - B&T lymphocytes

A

Receptors and immunoglobulins on surface
B cells differentiate into plasma cells to secrete antibodies
3 T cells- T helper(secrete cytokines) T killer( secrete perforin) and T regulator( suppress other immune cells to prevent autoimmune disease)

20
Q

Antibodies

A

2 light chains held by disulfide bridges to 2 long chains
Binding sites on variable region of light chains have specific tertiary structure complementary to an antigen

21
Q

Examples of passive and active immunity

A

Passive natural- antibodies in breast milk/ across placenta
Passive artificial-antivenom needle stick injections
Active natural- humoral response to infection
Active artificial- vaccination

22
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Immune system produces antibodies against its own tissue

23
Q

Principles of vaccination

A

Vaccine contains dead/inactive form of pathogen
Triggers primary immune response
Memory cells are produced and remain in the bloodstream so secondary response is rapid &produces higher concentration of antibodies
Pathogen is destroyed before it causes symptoms

23
Q

Principles of vaccination

A

Vaccine contains dead/inactive form of pathogen
Triggers primary immune response
Memory cells are produced and remain in the bloodstream so secondary response is rapid &produces higher concentration of antibodies
Pathogen is destroyed before it causes symptoms

24
Q

Endemic and epidemic

A

Endemic- disease occurs routinely in a geographical area
Epidemic- temporary rapid increase in incidence of disease in a geographical area

25
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms .

26
Q

Species richness vs. Evenness

A

Richness= number of species in an area
Evenness= whether species have similar numbers

27
Q

Simpsons index of diversity

A

Total no. Organisms compared to total number of organisms of each species
High means several different species are equally abundant

28
Q

How can we assess genetic diversity

A

Proportion of polymorphic gene loci= number of polymorphic gene loci/ total number of loci

29
Q

Factors that affect biodiversity

A

Population growth deforestation climate change

30
Q

Reasons to maintain biodiversity

A

Ecological= protecting species maintaining resources
Economic= reducing soil depletion
Aesthetic=protecting landscapes

31
Q

Conservation

A

Protection and management of species and habitats in order to maintain biodiversity in situ( in the organisms habitat) or ex situ( outside the organisms habitat)

32
Q

In situ conservation

A

Marine conservation zones
Wildlife reserves

33
Q

Ex situ conservation

A

Seed banks
Botanic Gardens
Zoos

34
Q

Agreements made to protect species and habitats

A

Convention on international trade in endangered species(CITES)
Room Convention on biological diversity(CBD)
Countryside stewardship scheme(CSS)

35
Q

Classification

A

Process of naming and organising organisms into groups based on their characteristics

36
Q

The classification hierarchy

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

37
Q

Two components to a binomial name

A

Genus and species

38
Q

5 kindoms and 3 domains

A

Kindoms=prokaryote protoctista fungi plantar animalistic
Domains= bacteria archaea eukaryota

39
Q

How are organisms classified into a kingdom

A

Based on similarities in observable characteristics

40
Q

Difference between classification and phylogeny

A

Classification is simply sorting organisms into groups. Phylogeny investigates the evolutionary relationships between organisms

41
Q

Natural selection

A

Random mutation
Selection pressure
Those with new alleles more likely to survive and pass on genes

42
Q

Inta and inter specific variation

A

Intra- variation within the same species
Inter- variation between different species

43
Q

Continuous and discontinuous variation

A

Continuous- variation exists as gradual changes over a range
Discontinuous- variation exists as distinct categories

44
Q

Why spearmans rank correlation

A

To measure correlation between 2 variables

45
Q

How are spearmans rank results interpreted

A

Closer to 1= more positive
Closer to -1 = more negative
Around 0 =no correlation

46
Q

Three types of adaptation

A

Anatomical
Physiological
Behavioural

Biology (6 decks)

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