Excess mortality Flashcards
What is excess mortality?
The number of deaths actually recorded being greater than the number of expected deaths based on past data
Give some examples of determinants of health.
age/ sex/ lifestyle/ socioeconomic status/ environmental conditions/
What is a risk factor?
something which increases your likelihood of getting a disease
What are the two types of risk factors?
modifiable (e.g. diet/ sedentary time…) nonmodifiable (e.g. genetics/ age/ethnicity)
What is the WHO definition of health?
a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being not merely the absence of disease.
Criticise the WHO definition of health.
mentions complete health- this is not possible// outdated we are now vulnerable to more diseases//
What was Ottawa charter element to health?
peoples ability to participate in society// the ability to self-manage
What are the 3 components of helath
physical/ mental/ socail - they are all intertwined
What is meant by allostatic load?
the body cannot adapt over time, therefore the stress build up and creates damage
What is epidemiology?
the study of distribution across a population of determinants of health-related states
What are the two main types of research?
observational and experimental
What do ecological and correlation studies look at?
the relationship between two variables
What do cross-sectional studies do?
measure exposure and outcome at the same point in time between different groups of people
What is meant by a bi-directional relationship?
both variables affect each other
What is a case-control study?
different groups are studied and there past exposure is measured
What is a prospective cohort study?
Collect groups of people, exposure different groups to different things and measure the impacts later
What is confounder?
A factor which is not being studied
What is meant by reverse causality?
consequences occur before the cause
What is the FTO gene?
The first obesity gene discovered in 2007/ increases the ghrelin hunger hormone - a non-modifiable risk of obesity
What are some challenges with modifying behavioural risk factors?
populations can be resistant / economic barriers /
What did the doll and hill report in 1954 tell us?
the relationship between smocking and developing diseases are extremely strong - smoking is one of the main modifiable risk factors to many diseases.
Give examples of some behavioural risk factors.
smoking/ alcohol intake/ ohysical activity/ sleep
What are the two main ways of identifying obesity?
BMI and measuring waist circumference
What are some public health strategies used to reduces excess mortality?
increase cost of alcohol per unit/ increase access to fruit and veg/ education/ banning smoking in certain areas/ cycle to work schemes
What waist circumference is the threshold for obesity in males and females?
males = 102cm and females = 88cm
What is ectopic fat ?
Fat which is stored around organs
What does it mean if something is ‘epidemic’ ?
It affects a large proportion of a population
what is the BMI threshold for obesity ?
30+
What does BMI assume?
Everyone has the same body composition - doesn’t note athletes have much larger muscle mass
What are modern interventions for obesity focusing on ?
Changes an individuals body composition not the weight of the person, e.g. reducing the amount of ectopic fat as this is what causing the majority of CV issues associated with obesity
What are the 5 domains of Brondenbrenners model 1977?
public policy/ community/ institutional/interpersonal/ individual
What is the futile cycle?
Attempts to lose weight are unsuccessful therefore the individual often resulting in weight gain
what is subcutaneous fat ?
Fat found underneath someone’s skin
What are 3 surgical interventions for weight loss?
- Adjustable gastric band - implantation of a band to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten // 2. Roux- en - Y -gastric bypass = small insertion which creates a small pouch of the stomach which connects directly to the small intestines //3. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy - removes 75-85% of the stomach therefore reducing the amount of food an individual can consume
Give an example of a drug used to suppress hunger.
glucagon-like peptide 1 (GPE-1)
