Excess mortality

Question 1

What is excess mortality?

Answer 1

The number of deaths actually recorded being greater than the number of expected deaths based on past data

Question 2

Give some examples of determinants of health.

Answer 2

age/ sex/ lifestyle/ socioeconomic status/ environmental conditions/

Question 3

What is a risk factor?

Answer 3

something which increases your likelihood of getting a disease

Question 4

What are the two types of risk factors?

Answer 4

modifiable (e.g. diet/ sedentary time…) nonmodifiable (e.g. genetics/ age/ethnicity)

Question 5

What is the WHO definition of health?

Answer 5

a state of complete mental, physical and social well-being not merely the absence of disease.

Question 6

Criticise the WHO definition of health.

Answer 6

mentions complete health- this is not possible// outdated we are now vulnerable to more diseases//

Question 7

What was Ottawa charter element to health?

Answer 7

peoples ability to participate in society// the ability to self-manage

Question 8

What are the 3 components of helath

Answer 8

physical/ mental/ socail - they are all intertwined

Question 9

What is meant by allostatic load?

Answer 9

the body cannot adapt over time, therefore the stress build up and creates damage

Question 10

What is epidemiology?

Answer 10

the study of distribution across a population of determinants of health-related states

Question 11

What are the two main types of research?

Answer 11

observational and experimental

Question 12

What do ecological and correlation studies look at?

Answer 12

the relationship between two variables

Question 13

What do cross-sectional studies do?

Answer 13

measure exposure and outcome at the same point in time between different groups of people

Question 14

What is meant by a bi-directional relationship?

Answer 14

both variables affect each other

Question 15

What is a case-control study?

Answer 15

different groups are studied and there past exposure is measured

Question 16

What is a prospective cohort study?

Answer 16

Collect groups of people, exposure different groups to different things and measure the impacts later

Question 17

What is confounder?

Answer 17

A factor which is not being studied

Question 18

What is meant by reverse causality?

Answer 18

consequences occur before the cause

Question 19

What is the FTO gene?

Answer 19

The first obesity gene discovered in 2007/ increases the ghrelin hunger hormone - a non-modifiable risk of obesity

Question 20

What are some challenges with modifying behavioural risk factors?

Answer 20

populations can be resistant / economic barriers /

Question 21

What did the doll and hill report in 1954 tell us?

Answer 21

the relationship between smocking and developing diseases are extremely strong - smoking is one of the main modifiable risk factors to many diseases.

Question 22

Give examples of some behavioural risk factors.

Answer 22

smoking/ alcohol intake/ ohysical activity/ sleep

Question 23

What are the two main ways of identifying obesity?

Answer 23

BMI and measuring waist circumference

Question 24

What are some public health strategies used to reduces excess mortality?

Answer 24

increase cost of alcohol per unit/ increase access to fruit and veg/ education/ banning smoking in certain areas/ cycle to work schemes

Question 25

What waist circumference is the threshold for obesity in males and females?

Answer 25

males = 102cm and females = 88cm

Question 26

What is ectopic fat ?

Answer 26

Fat which is stored around organs

Question 27

What does it mean if something is ‘epidemic’ ?

Answer 27

It affects a large proportion of a population

Question 28

what is the BMI threshold for obesity ?

Answer 28

30+

Question 29

What does BMI assume?

Answer 29

Everyone has the same body composition - doesn’t note athletes have much larger muscle mass

Question 30

What are modern interventions for obesity focusing on ?

Answer 30

Changes an individuals body composition not the weight of the person, e.g. reducing the amount of ectopic fat as this is what causing the majority of CV issues associated with obesity

Question 31

What are the 5 domains of Brondenbrenners model 1977?

Answer 31

public policy/ community/ institutional/interpersonal/ individual

Question 32

What is the futile cycle?

Answer 32

Attempts to lose weight are unsuccessful therefore the individual often resulting in weight gain

Question 33

what is subcutaneous fat ?

Answer 33

Fat found underneath someone’s skin

Question 34

What are 3 surgical interventions for weight loss?

Answer 34

1. Adjustable gastric band - implantation of a band to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten // 2. Roux- en - Y -gastric bypass = small insertion which creates a small pouch of the stomach which connects directly to the small intestines //3. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy - removes 75-85% of the stomach therefore reducing the amount of food an individual can consume

Question 35

Give an example of a drug used to suppress hunger.

Answer 35

glucagon-like peptide 1 (GPE-1)