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PA2203- Final > Excercise/Nutrition + Immunity > Flashcards

Excercise/Nutrition + Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Overall benefits of exercise

A
  • Decreased risk of chronic illness (glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, cardio/resp health)
  • improved mental health/learning
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2
Q

What were the 3 principles of exercise immunology early on in history

A
  1. tranient decrease in blood immune cells in hours following vig ex
  2. Vig ex leads to reduction in salivary IgA lvls
  3. Inf risk increased after acute bout
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3
Q

Phases of blood lymphocytes post exercise + timeframe

A

phase 1- dramatic increase (one hour post) - NK, CD8

phase 2- dramatic decreases (3-72hrs)

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4
Q

What is the open window hypothesis

A

immune system is compromised 3-72hrs post vig ex (and repeated windows may add up!)

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5
Q

What is the J curve hypothesis

A

Moderate exercise reduces URTI risk but at heavy exercising the risk can go up 2-6fold

(overall moderate best (rat study))

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6
Q

What inflammatory cytokines are released w exercise (+ what is it important for)

A

active mm release cytokines like IL6 and it increases proportional w exercise severity

-IL6 is important for inducing the release of the anti inflammatory cytokine IL10

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7
Q

Over time with exercise what happens to cytokine release

A

have lower inflammatory blood cytokine levels at rest leading to reduced risk of chronic disease

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8
Q

How does exercise activate stress structures in the body

A

Adrena medulla- release epinephrine and norepenphrine

HPA- releases cortisol (has potent anti inflammatory and immune suppressing effects)

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9
Q

What is the current consensus on the ‘window of opportunity’

A

Regular exercise may reduce risk of infection and consensus is that it reduces all cause mortality
(long term benifits outweighs short term risk)

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10
Q

Why is there a lymphocyte redistribution in post exercise IgA lvls`

A
  • occurs as a means of facilitating immune survelience for cancer/inf and immune regulation
  • lymphocytes move into the tissues and identify and eradicate cells infected w pathogens
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11
Q

What is the RDA and how it relates to immune funtion

A

amount needed to meet requirements of 97.5% of people

may not be optimal for immune function though

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12
Q

What is the primary fuel source of immune cells

A

glucose

-low glucose associated with broad immune impairment

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13
Q

What is the cutoff for diabetes and what effect does it have on immune system

A

> 200mg/dl

  • impaired phagocytosis
  • Elevated pro inflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL6)
  • impaired t cell and antibody responses
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14
Q

difference bw soluble and insoluble fibres

A

Soluble- forms gel like substance in water. Slows digestion. reduces cholesterol

Insoluble fibre- adds bulk/mvmt to stool, helps with constipation

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15
Q

How does soluble fibre aid immunity

A

Redially fermented in gut into short chain fatty acids (prebiotic)

-Short chain fatty acids have antiinflammatory functions by modulating immune cell release of cytokines/chemokines, ROS

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16
Q

Effects of reduced pro intake on immune

A
  • Thymic involution/atrophy of lymphoid organs
  • Decreased hematopoiesis
  • impaired phago
  • decreased t cell/ bcell #/function
  • poor wound healing (less collagen prod)
17
Q

What type of fat is dietary fats

A

LCFA (14 or more carbons long)

18
Q

Types of unsaturated FAs and differentiating factor

A

mono- 1 C=C (double)- omega 7,9

poly- 2 or more C=C- omega 3,6

19
Q

What configuration do most FAs come in and which is associated with risk of CVD and diabetes

A
  • most naturally occurring unsaturated FAs exist in cis

- Trans has increased risks

20
Q

MUFA effect on immune

A

immunosuppressive/antinflamatory effects ( decreased NK, adhesion molecules etc)

21
Q

effect of omega 3 PUFA on immunity

A

Overall: antiinflamatory

Macrophages- less inflammatory cytokines, increased IL10 , increase phase

impairment of t cell/ plasma cells (but increased treg differentiation)

22
Q

what can omega 3,6 be metabolized into and what does it help w

A

metabolized into eicosanoids which are precursors of inflammatory lipid mediators (prostaglandins/leukotriens)

23
Q

Overall role of omega 3,6

A

both pro and antiinflammatory roles

24
Q

What effect does obesity have on the immune system

A
  • impairments in the activity of lymphocytes
  • reduced antibody and IFN y prd
  • incrreased susceptibility to inf
25
Q

How does overnutrition contribute to immune response

A

proinflammtory responses dominate, but immune dysregulation may also occur

26
Q

What cytokine lvls are lower in the mediterranean diet

A

proinflammatory cytokine lvls lower

27
Q

what is ferric iron a cofactor for

A

cofactor in neutrophil myeloperoxidase which is used to generate the ROS

28
Q

what is iron deficiency associated w

A
  • thymus atrophy/thymic output
  • suseptibility to inf (plasmodia/mycobacteria)
  • impaired antimicrobial responses/ t cell mediated immunity
29
Q

Zinc is used for what cofactor and what does deficiency result in

A

cofactor in leukocyte enzymes that reduce oxidative damage

deficiency- Thymic atrophy, decrease hematopoiesis

30
Q

What is Vit A deficiency resulting in

A
  • profound deficiency in neutrophils, macrophages, Th1, NK

- underdeveloped mucosal tissues and loss of mucosal barrier function

31
Q

What is retinoid acid associated with (3)

A

mucosal immune tissue development, t cell homing to the gut, IgA class switching, differentiation to T regs

32
Q

What is vit b6 deficiency associated w

A

atrophy of immune tissues, low blood lymphocyte proliferation + antibody lvls and impaired lymphocyte proliferation

33
Q

What is vit b6, b12 and folate (b9) deficiency associated w

A

Decreased cytotoxic cell numbers (NK cells, CD8, t cells)

34
Q

what are def in vit c associated w

A
  • impairment of phago
  • impairment of t cell prolif
  • impaiement of cytokine prod
  • impaired monocyte adhesiion
  • impaired collagen synthesis
35
Q

Does taking vit c reduce respiratory inf

A
  • did not reduce risk of getting a cold

- may slightly reduce duration of symptoms

36
Q

how much does vit d supplementation reduce risk of respiratory inf and who is it most effective in

A

reduce risk by 12%

-stronger in those with baseline 25-hydroxyvit d lvls <25nmol/l

37
Q

What is the benefit of Vit E`\

A

Antioxidant protecting immune cell structures from being oxidized/damaged

38
Q

What are u at more risk with w vit d def

A

serious/freq respiratory inf

autoimmune diseases

PA2203- Final (11 decks)

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