Cancer II Flashcards
Skin cancer risk factors
- exposure to UV radiation
- fair skin
- moles
- tanning beds
- fam hx
Basal cell carcinoma characteristics (what cells does it affect)
m. c skin cancer
- Slow growing neoplasm of the non keratinized cells of stratum basal
- superficial, red, painless growths that are shiny w dimple inside
Squamous cell carcinoma characteristics
- cancer of the superficial layers of the epidermis
- firm, red pimple/nodulae often w ulcers/crusting
are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cancers malignant
normally non metastasizing malignant neoplasms
What type of cancer is melonona
malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
What are tx for melonoma
- surgery
- BRAF inhibitors
What is the ABCDE rule
asymetry border color (blue.white) Diameter Evolving
2 main types of lung cancers
- Small cell carcinoma- heavy smokers, less common, more aggressive/fatal
- Non small cell cancer carcinoma-mc,
S/S of lung cancer
chronic cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue
What are colorectal polyps + age
benign protrusions of colonic granular epithelium (rarely are malignant)
+50
What type of cancer is colorectal cancer
98% of colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas
Risk factors and S/S of colorectal cancer
risk- 50+, fam hx, polyps, obesity, alcohol
S/S- persistent changes in bowel habits, persistent abdominal discomfort, feeling like bowel doesn’t empty completely
Screening and dx of colorectal cancers
screening- Focal occult blood test every 2 years (age 50+)
Dx- colonoscopy, blood tests
What type of cancer are pancreatic cancers
Adenocarcinomas
s/s and prognosis of pancreatic cancer
- sympotoms appear at later stages
- jaundice, pain in upper abdomen, fatty light colored stool, weight loss, anorexia etc
Poor prog- 5ysr is 5%
what oncogene is associated w 90% of pancreatic cancer cases
K ras oncogene
Difference bw hodgkins and non hodgkins lymphoma
Hodgkins lymphoma- 15%, B cell cancers that feature reed sternberg cells
non Hodgkins- 85% of lymphomas, increases w age, B cells, t cells or NK cells, less favourable prog
Who is leukaemia mc in
Mc cancer in children <12yold
What are the types of leukemia and mc types in children/adults (4)
- Acute lymphocytic leukaemia- mc children
- Acute myelogenous leukaemia
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia- mc in adult
- Chromic myelogenous leukemia
What is the philadelphia chromosome and what does it do
Translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22 resulting in oncogene causing unregulated cell proliferation in chronic myelogenous leukemia
Where are the mutations that cause most breast cancers
BRCA1 and BRCA2
How does HER2 impact breast cancer
becomes over expressed and is structurally similar to EGFR thus becomes an aggressive cancer
What medication can block signalling in hormone receptor positive cancers
estrogen/progesterone receptor modulators such as tamoxifen
What are most renal cancers and mc pop
Renal cell carcinoma in adults >55
Risk factors of prostate cancer and type and prevention
age >65, cig smoking, fam hx, genetics, obesity
digital rectal exam over 50 every year or PSA test
What ages are CNS neoplasms mc in and wheere
young children and in those over 40
-metastasis into CNS mc than primary CNS cancer
Remisson vs partial remission vs complete remission
remission- decrease/disapearence > 1 month
partial- cancer still present but smaller/less symptoms
Complete- No signs of cancer > 5 years
what are tumour associated antigens
Found on cancer cells but also on normal cells (self antigens)
What are tutor specific antigens and what targets them
Only found on tumour cells, anti cancer t cell responses against tumor specific antigens and tutor associated antigens
How do cancer cells protect against CTL attack
Down regulate MHCI but this leaves them suceptibe to NK cell attack
how do cancers evade immune response (6)
- decreased surface antigens
- Downregulate MHCI
- Secrete immunosuppressive factors (IL 10, IDO)
- Secrete angiogenic factors (VEGF, TGFB)
- Sectrete collagen and fibrin to make immunologically privileged site
- overexposes inhibitory checkpoint molecules bu center cells causing t cell exhaustion
What are inhibitory checkpoint molecules and what do they normally do
Block antigen specific immune responses (negatively regulate T cell activation)- w/ cancer more likely to express inhibitory checkpoint molecules and inhibit t cells
Example of inhibitory checkpoint molecule
PD L1 (cancer drug keytruda targets it)
What does Ritiximad target
Targets CD20 on B cells w/ cancer and induces apoptosis, CDC, ADCC etc
What are CAR T cells and example of what they target
engendered cells in lab to seek and destroy cancer cells
-can target CD19 on b cells
What is an oncolytic virus
virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells
