Cancer II

Question 1

Skin cancer risk factors

Answer 1

• exposure to UV radiation
• fair skin
• moles
• tanning beds
• fam hx

Question 2

Basal cell carcinoma characteristics (what cells does it affect)

Answer 2

m. c skin cancer
- Slow growing neoplasm of the non keratinized cells of stratum basal
- superficial, red, painless growths that are shiny w dimple inside

Question 3

Squamous cell carcinoma characteristics

Answer 3

• cancer of the superficial layers of the epidermis

- firm, red pimple/nodulae often w ulcers/crusting

Question 4

are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cancers malignant

Answer 4

normally non metastasizing malignant neoplasms

Question 5

What type of cancer is melonona

Answer 5

malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

Question 6

What are tx for melonoma

Answer 6

• surgery

- BRAF inhibitors

Question 7

What is the ABCDE rule

Answer 7

asymetry
border
color (blue.white)
Diameter
Evolving

Question 8

2 main types of lung cancers

Answer 8

1. Small cell carcinoma- heavy smokers, less common, more aggressive/fatal
2. Non small cell cancer carcinoma-mc,

Question 9

S/S of lung cancer

Answer 9

chronic cough, hemoptysis, shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue

Question 10

What are colorectal polyps + age

Answer 10

benign protrusions of colonic granular epithelium (rarely are malignant)

+50

Question 11

What type of cancer is colorectal cancer

Answer 11

98% of colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas

Question 12

Risk factors and S/S of colorectal cancer

Answer 12

risk- 50+, fam hx, polyps, obesity, alcohol

S/S- persistent changes in bowel habits, persistent abdominal discomfort, feeling like bowel doesn’t empty completely

Question 13

Screening and dx of colorectal cancers

Answer 13

screening- Focal occult blood test every 2 years (age 50+)

Dx- colonoscopy, blood tests

Question 14

What type of cancer are pancreatic cancers

Answer 14

Adenocarcinomas

Question 15

s/s and prognosis of pancreatic cancer

Answer 15

• sympotoms appear at later stages
• jaundice, pain in upper abdomen, fatty light colored stool, weight loss, anorexia etc

Poor prog- 5ysr is 5%

Question 16

what oncogene is associated w 90% of pancreatic cancer cases

Answer 16

K ras oncogene

Question 17

Difference bw hodgkins and non hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 17

Hodgkins lymphoma- 15%, B cell cancers that feature reed sternberg cells

non Hodgkins- 85% of lymphomas, increases w age, B cells, t cells or NK cells, less favourable prog

Question 18

Who is leukaemia mc in

Answer 18

Mc cancer in children <12yold

Question 19

What are the types of leukemia and mc types in children/adults (4)

Answer 19

1. Acute lymphocytic leukaemia- mc children
2. Acute myelogenous leukaemia
3. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia- mc in adult
4. Chromic myelogenous leukemia

Question 20

What is the philadelphia chromosome and what does it do

Answer 20

Translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22 resulting in oncogene causing unregulated cell proliferation in chronic myelogenous leukemia

Question 21

Where are the mutations that cause most breast cancers

Answer 21

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Question 22

How does HER2 impact breast cancer

Answer 22

becomes over expressed and is structurally similar to EGFR thus becomes an aggressive cancer

Question 23

What medication can block signalling in hormone receptor positive cancers

Answer 23

estrogen/progesterone receptor modulators such as tamoxifen

Question 24

What are most renal cancers and mc pop

Answer 24

Renal cell carcinoma in adults >55

Question 25

Risk factors of prostate cancer and type and prevention

Answer 25

age >65, cig smoking, fam hx, genetics, obesity

digital rectal exam over 50 every year or PSA test

Question 26

What ages are CNS neoplasms mc in and wheere

Answer 26

young children and in those over 40

-metastasis into CNS mc than primary CNS cancer

Question 27

Remisson vs partial remission vs complete remission

Answer 27

remission- decrease/disapearence > 1 month

partial- cancer still present but smaller/less symptoms

Complete- No signs of cancer > 5 years

Question 28

what are tumour associated antigens

Answer 28

Found on cancer cells but also on normal cells (self antigens)

Question 29

What are tutor specific antigens and what targets them

Answer 29

Only found on tumour cells, anti cancer t cell responses against tumor specific antigens and tutor associated antigens

Question 30

How do cancer cells protect against CTL attack

Answer 30

Down regulate MHCI but this leaves them suceptibe to NK cell attack

Question 31

how do cancers evade immune response (6)

Answer 31

1. decreased surface antigens
2. Downregulate MHCI
3. Secrete immunosuppressive factors (IL 10, IDO)
4. Secrete angiogenic factors (VEGF, TGFB)
5. Sectrete collagen and fibrin to make immunologically privileged site
6. overexposes inhibitory checkpoint molecules bu center cells causing t cell exhaustion

Question 32

What are inhibitory checkpoint molecules and what do they normally do

Answer 32

Block antigen specific immune responses (negatively regulate T cell activation)- w/ cancer more likely to express inhibitory checkpoint molecules and inhibit t cells

Question 33

Example of inhibitory checkpoint molecule

Answer 33

PD L1 (cancer drug keytruda targets it)

Question 34

What does Ritiximad target

Answer 34

Targets CD20 on B cells w/ cancer and induces apoptosis, CDC, ADCC etc

Question 35

What are CAR T cells and example of what they target

Answer 35

engendered cells in lab to seek and destroy cancer cells

-can target CD19 on b cells

Question 36

What is an oncolytic virus

Answer 36

virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells