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ICPP > examplify Review > Flashcards

examplify Review Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the sodium pump

A

Exchanges extracellular K+ for intracellular Na+

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2
Q

Which transporter buffers changes in pH only via acid extrusion

A

Na-H-exchanger

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3
Q

How do you resist cell shrinking

A

Osmotically active ions causes osmotic gradient

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4
Q

Water moves by following

A

Osmotic gradients

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5
Q

Explain why resting membrane potential is not the same as the equilibrium potential for potassium

A

Cell is not purely permeable to potassium
Movement of other ions occurs
Cell is slightly less negative than Ek

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6
Q

What does increasing membrane permeability for a particular ion do

A

Move membrane potential towards Ek for that ion

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7
Q

How does Na-K-ATPase contribute to resting membrane potential

A

Active transport of ions is responsible for entire membrane potential

Sets up and maintains ionic gradients that generate resting membrane potential

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8
Q

When nerve cell becomes highly permeable to Na+ what is new potential

A

+55mV depolarisation

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9
Q

What type of gating is involved in signalling at neuromuscular junction

A

Ligand gated (Ach is ligand)

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10
Q

What process is involved in repolarisation of a cell membrane

A

Opening of potassium channels

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11
Q

Calcium binds to synaptotagmin to form

A

Snare complex

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12
Q

Neurotransmitter released from vesicle binds to

A

nACh receptors

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13
Q

2 clinically relevant aspects of neurotransmitter release

A

Disease processes can alter the sequence e.g. myasthenia gravis altering the nACh receptors

Drugs can be used to block this process for therapeutic benefit e.g. succinylcholine causing muscle weakness during anaesthesia

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14
Q

Substrate in M1 receptor

A

PIP2

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15
Q

Substrate in alpha 2 and beta 1 receptor

A

AMP

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16
Q

outcome of M1 receptor

A

Increased IP3

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17
Q

Outcome of alpha 2 receptor

A

Decreased cAMP

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18
Q

outcome of beta 1 receptor

A

Increased cAMP

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19
Q

Which target protein will the intracellulair messenger created act upon after activation of G alpha s

A

PKA

Adenylyl Cyclase creates cAMP, which targets PKA

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20
Q

What happens to level of secondary messenger when M2 muscarinic acetyl choline receptor is stimulated

A

Decreased cAMP

M2 receptors coupled with G alpha I : adenylyl cyclase inhibited causing reduced cAMP

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21
Q

G alpha I causes

A

Decrease cAMP

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22
Q

Ryanodine receptors are on the

A

Endoplasmic reticulum/sarcoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

Calcium entering cytoplasm causes a

A

Calcium spark

24
Q

Ions released into cytosol after calcium spark allow

A

Actin filaments to bind to troponin C causing crossbridge cycling

25
Q

What is SOC

A

store operated channel

26
Q

What does SOC do

A

Slow release of calcium when all other sources have been depleted

27
Q

What is PMCA

A

plasma membrane calcium ATPase

28
Q

What does PMCA do

A

Quickly export calcium back into extracellular space (main carrier)

29
Q

What does NCX do

A

Expel calcium when PMCA lowers intracellular concentrations

30
Q

What is SERCA

A

sarco endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPASE

31
Q

what does SERCA do

A

Used with NCX to rapidly re establish calcium gradients in excitable cells by sending calcium back into cytoplasm

32
Q

What does CICR do

A

Ligand gates ion channel opening linked via ryanodine receptor to calcium release by SER/ER

33
Q

What does calmodulin do (CaM)

A

Intracellular sensor of calcium ion conc, modulates activity of PMCA

34
Q

Which calcium channel is essential in regulating CICR

A

Ryanodine receptors on endoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

Sympathetic has short

A

Pre ganglionic

36
Q

PNS uses

A

mAChR on post

37
Q

SNS uses

A

Adrenoreceptors on post

38
Q

PNS nuclei are found in

A

Brainstem and sacral region of spinal cord

39
Q

SNS is found in

A

Thora columbar region of spinal cord

40
Q

What does a beta 1 antagonist do

A

Speed up heart

41
Q

What does antagonising M2 receptor do

A

Tachycardia

42
Q

Beta blockers work on

A

Beta 1

43
Q

Side effects of antagonist of muscarinic receptors in lungs

A

Dry mouth
Constipation
Urinary retention

Sludge limited

44
Q

Myasthenia gravis key points

A

Augmented effect of Ach as prevents degradation

45
Q

Symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

Headaches, palpitations, swelling

46
Q

Organs most affected by beta blockers

A

Brain kidneys GI tract

Brain disturbances, urinary dysfunction, diarrhoea

47
Q

Most likely cause of adverse side effects of drug treatments

A

Binding of active ingredient to sites other than those intended

48
Q

What is efficacy

A

100% efficacy (emax) is maximum response achievable from a drug within a particular system or tissue of the body

49
Q

What is EC50

A

concentration of drug that elicits half the maximal response of a full agonist

50
Q

What is intrinsic efficacy

A

How effective a drug or ligand is at inducing active conformation of target protein

51
Q

What is Kd

A

Dissociation constant for binding of a ligand to a receptor

52
Q

What is potency

A

Dose of a drug required to produce a specific effect of given intensity usually EC50

53
Q

What means High potency and affinity

A

Lowest Emax/EC50

54
Q

Difference between phase 1 and 2 drug metabolism

A

Both alter drug structure

Phase 1- retains acidity or becomes active

Phase 2- inactivated and made more prone to elimination

ICPP (8 decks)

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