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Studies in the Biology of Disease > Examples of Medical Microbiology > Flashcards

Examples of Medical Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the suffix -aemia mean?

A

To do with the blood

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2
Q

What is sepsis?

A

A person that has an out of control immune response

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3
Q

What are some symptoms of Sepsis?

A

Elevated white cell count
Fever
A confirmed infection

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of Systematic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)?

A

Two from - Raised temp, raised WBC count, tachycardia, tachypnoea

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5
Q

What does severe sepsis mean?

A

The same as sepsis but also a low blood pressure

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6
Q

What is Septic shock?

A

Severe sepsis but has a persistent low blood pressure that requires more than just fluid replacement

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7
Q

What is Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)?

A

Septic shock, but with evidence of clotting disorders, failure of organs and build up of toxic products

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8
Q

How many of species of microbes are in the gut?

A

As many as 35000W

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9
Q

What is a healthy gut flora mainly composed of?

A

Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes

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10
Q

What does the gut flora do?

A

Helps with metabolism of carbs, lipids and proteins

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11
Q

What are the antimicrobial defence systems of the GI tract?

A

pH of the stomach
Antimicrobial polypeptides
Enzymes
Bile salts

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12
Q

What does faeces contain?

A

Food waste, human cells and large amounts of bacteria

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13
Q

How is microbial diarrhoea caused?

A

Secretion of water into gut lumen by microbe
Reduced absorption of water from gut from digestion by microbe

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14
Q

How are bloodstream infections caused?

A

From normal flora
Traumatic injuries

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15
Q

How is Gastroenteritis caused?

A

UK primarily foodborne
Also respiratory
Normal flora or acquired

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16
Q

How does a bloodstream infection interact?

A

Replication is possible due to nutrients in blood
Common bacteria have capsules that prevent phagocytosis

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17
Q

How does Gastroenteritis interact?

A

Has to adhere to gut wall and will replicate
Less immune response observed
Needs to outcompete other microbes

18
Q

How does a blood infection damage?

A

Clotting
Sepsis
Endotoxins
Haemolysins, causing anaemia

19
Q

How does Gastroenteritis damage?

A

Invades and damages gut lining
Ulceration
Toxins
Secondary infections e.g. arthritis
Autoimmune conditions

20
Q

What is the outcome of a bloodstream infection?

A

Relatively high fatality rate even with treatment

21
Q

What is the outcome of Gastroenteritis?

A

Most causes self-resolve with no long term effects

22
Q

How many blood cultures should be taken from different sampling sites?

A

Two or three sets

23
Q

How long do organisms take to grow in modern systems?

A

2-3 days

24
Q

What do modern systems look for as a sign of microbial growth?

A

Elevation of carbon dioxide levels

25
Q

What are the selective agars used for Salmonella and Shigella?

A

XLD, DCA

26
Q

What is the differential agent used for E. coli?

A

Sorbitol

27
Q

What temperature is Campylobacter incubated at?

A

42C - it’s thermophillic

28
Q

What other conditions is Campylobacter grown in?

A

Reduced O2 and raised CO2

29
Q

How are viral pathogens detected?

A

Traditionally by electron microscopy
Moving towards antigen testing or molecular methods

30
Q

How are gut parasites diagnosed?

A

Microscopy - Faecal stained with iodine
Antigen detection
Serological

31
Q

How is Septicaemia treated?

A

Antibiotic therapy
Supportive therapy

32
Q

How is Gastroenteritis treated?

A

Maintain hydration
For C. diff - stop antibiotics that are causing it
For immunocompromised therapy may be needed

33
Q

What are key risk factors for Sepsis?

A

Major trauma
Medical intervention
Splenectomy

34
Q

How many children under 5 does diarrhoea kill?

A

760,000 each year

35
Q

What is diarrhoea defined as?

A

Passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day

36
Q

What is acute watery diarrhoea?

A

lasts several hours or days, includes cholera

37
Q

What is acute bloody diarrhoea?

A

Also called dysentery

38
Q

What is persistent diarrhoea

A

Lasts 14 days or longer

39
Q

Why does diarrhoea cause death?

A

Usually due to dehydration and salt imbalance

40
Q

What is the estimated cases of Campylobacteriosis per year?

A

500,000

41
Q

What are the risk factors of Gastroenteritis?

A

Eating contaminated food
Foreign travel
Age
Reduced stomach acidity

Studies in the Biology of Disease (4 decks)

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