Examination Flashcards
what is the normal result for a Schirmer Tear test in a dog and cat ?
dog: 15-25mm/min; 10> would present with clinical signs; 11-14 is suggestive of KCS
cat: 11-18mm/min
Phenol Red Test
-how long does it take? what are normals?
- 15 seconds
- dog: about 34mm
- cat: about 23mm
- horse: about 30mm
what nerves are tested with corneal reflex and corneal sensation testing
CN V, VI, VII
don’t do it in the center of the cornea because then it would be a menace test
what is a normal IOP for the dog/cat?
10-20 mmHg
what is Fluorescein dye retained by and what is it used for?
retained by hydrophilic tissue like the corneal stroma, glycosaminoglycans
- corneal ulcers
- corneal leaks
- Jones test
- tear film breakup time (time from blink to appearance of dry spot); needs cobalt blue light
- retinal angiography
- aqueous flow: Seidel’s test
what are the Lissamine Green and Rose benga dyes used for
diagnose:
- KCS, **qualitative tear film deficiencies ESPECIALLY MUCIN, early punctate and dendritic ulcers associated with herpetic keratitis
- good for early dx of fungal keratitis in horses
- no uptake = normal tear film including Ab and mucin (stains healthy cells not covered by mucin layer)
what are the 3 layers of tear films ?
- mucin: goblet cells
- aqueous: main lacrimal glands and accessory glands
- lipid: meibomian glands
4 indications for cornea culture
- ulcers with depth
- cellular infiltrate
- collagenolysis
- severe edema
indications for fluorescein stain
- any red eye
- any painful eye
- any cloudy eye
- prior to using steroids
- any eye that has been on steroids
nerve block in horses to examine the eye?
auriculopalpebral
disease during the day suggests?
disease during the night suggests?
cone disease
rod disease
abnormal around moving objects suggests?
peripheral ocular fundus abnormalities
anisocoria
unequal pupils
is a PLR an indicator of normal retinal function?
no, not a reliable indicator
pupil sizes and shapes (4)
- miosis: small; indicative of anterior uveitis
- mydriasis: big; drug induces vs pathological; glaucoma; retinal dz
- dyscoria: abnormal shape
- corectopia: abnormal position
Is IOP effected by local anesthesia ?
NO
how do we view the iridocorneal angle?
-using gonioscopy
what drugs do we use for pharmacologic dilation ?
- tropicamide 1%, takes 10-20min and lasts 4-6hrs
- atropine 1%, takes 1hr and lasts several days in a normal dog and 14days in a normal horse
can we visualize the vitreous without pathology present ?
not usually
some abnormalities the vitreous can have
- congenital : persistant hyaloid artery/remnant
- acquired: hemorrhage, asteroid hyalosis, transudates/ exudates
- degeneration
direct vs indirect vs panoptic magnifications
- direct: 10-15x, upright and real, small
- panoptic: 3-7x, upright and real
- indirect: 2-4x upside down, backwards and virtual, large
T/F
both tapetum and nontapetum colors vary with coat color
true
where does the tapetum reside
the superior choroid
Jones test
nasolacrimal patency (to nasal punctum)
