Examination

Question 1

what is the normal result for a Schirmer Tear test in a dog and cat ?

Answer 1

dog: 15-25mm/min; 10> would present with clinical signs; 11-14 is suggestive of KCS
cat: 11-18mm/min

Question 2

Phenol Red Test

-how long does it take? what are normals?

Answer 2

• 15 seconds
• dog: about 34mm
• cat: about 23mm
• horse: about 30mm

Question 3

what nerves are tested with corneal reflex and corneal sensation testing

Answer 3

CN V, VI, VII

don’t do it in the center of the cornea because then it would be a menace test

Question 4

what is a normal IOP for the dog/cat?

Answer 4

10-20 mmHg

Question 5

what is Fluorescein dye retained by and what is it used for?

Answer 5

retained by hydrophilic tissue like the corneal stroma, glycosaminoglycans

• corneal ulcers
• corneal leaks
• Jones test
• tear film breakup time (time from blink to appearance of dry spot); needs cobalt blue light
• retinal angiography
• aqueous flow: Seidel’s test

Question 6

what are the Lissamine Green and Rose benga dyes used for

Answer 6

diagnose:

• KCS, **qualitative tear film deficiencies ESPECIALLY MUCIN, early punctate and dendritic ulcers associated with herpetic keratitis
• good for early dx of fungal keratitis in horses
• no uptake = normal tear film including Ab and mucin (stains healthy cells not covered by mucin layer)

Question 7

what are the 3 layers of tear films ?

Answer 7

• mucin: goblet cells
• aqueous: main lacrimal glands and accessory glands
• lipid: meibomian glands

Question 8

4 indications for cornea culture

Answer 8

• ulcers with depth
• cellular infiltrate
• collagenolysis
• severe edema

Question 9

indications for fluorescein stain

Answer 9

• any red eye
• any painful eye
• any cloudy eye
• prior to using steroids
• any eye that has been on steroids

Question 10

nerve block in horses to examine the eye?

Answer 10

auriculopalpebral

Question 11

disease during the day suggests?

disease during the night suggests?

Answer 11

cone disease

rod disease

Question 12

abnormal around moving objects suggests?

Answer 12

peripheral ocular fundus abnormalities

Question 13

anisocoria

Answer 13

unequal pupils

Question 14

is a PLR an indicator of normal retinal function?

Answer 14

no, not a reliable indicator

Question 15

pupil sizes and shapes (4)

Answer 15

• miosis: small; indicative of anterior uveitis
• mydriasis: big; drug induces vs pathological; glaucoma; retinal dz
• dyscoria: abnormal shape
• corectopia: abnormal position

Question 16

Is IOP effected by local anesthesia ?

Answer 16

NO

Question 17

how do we view the iridocorneal angle?

Answer 17

-using gonioscopy

Question 18

what drugs do we use for pharmacologic dilation ?

Answer 18

• tropicamide 1%, takes 10-20min and lasts 4-6hrs

- atropine 1%, takes 1hr and lasts several days in a normal dog and 14days in a normal horse

Question 19

can we visualize the vitreous without pathology present ?

Answer 19

not usually

Question 20

some abnormalities the vitreous can have

Answer 20

• congenital : persistant hyaloid artery/remnant
• acquired: hemorrhage, asteroid hyalosis, transudates/ exudates
• degeneration

Question 21

direct vs indirect vs panoptic magnifications

Answer 21

• direct: 10-15x, upright and real, small
• panoptic: 3-7x, upright and real
• indirect: 2-4x upside down, backwards and virtual, large

Question 22

T/F

both tapetum and nontapetum colors vary with coat color

Answer 22

true

Question 23

where does the tapetum reside

Answer 23

the superior choroid

Question 24

Jones test

Answer 24

nasolacrimal patency (to nasal punctum)