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Diagnostic Microbiology > Examination 4: Part II: Electric Boogaloo (Mycobacterium / Spirochetes) > Flashcards

Examination 4: Part II: Electric Boogaloo (Mycobacterium / Spirochetes) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Do Mycobacteria spp. form spores?

Why is nutrient uptake more difficult for Mycobacteria?

What are mycolic acids?

A

No

because of the high lipid content of the cell walls

long fatty acids

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2
Q

Staining characteristics for Mycobacteria

A
  • Slender G+/v rods
  • Acid fast
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3
Q

The following organisms are all a part of the _____.

  • M. tuberculosis
  • M. bovis and M. bovis BCG
  • M. africanum
  • M. caprae
  • M. canettii
  • M. microti
  • M. pinnipedii
A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

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4
Q

5 Runyon Groups are

A
    1. Photochromogens
    1. Scotochromogens
    1. Nonphotochromogens
    1. Rapid Growers
    1. Non-cultivatable
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5
Q

Photochromagens _____.

Scotochromogens _____.

A

require light to form pigment. Incubate in dark initially, then expose to light

produce pigment in dark or light conditions

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6
Q

Nonphotochromagens are _____.

A

non-pigmented

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7
Q

M. xenopi found in

M. xenopi infections include

A

hot water taps in hospitals

pulmonary and disseminated disease

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8
Q

2 organisms in MAC

A
  • M. avium
  • M. cellulare
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9
Q

Describe M. leprae

A
  • Obligate intracellular bacteria
  • Naturally found in armadillos and mice & causes leprosy
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10
Q

What are the safety standards for Mycobacteria?

A

BSL 3

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11
Q

Appropriate specimens for Mycobacteria

A

any tissue or organ (sputum, tissue/granuloma, urine, bone, CSF, blood, GI, stool)

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12
Q

What is the purpose of digestion and decontamination followed by neutralization and concentration

A
  • Kill normal flora bacteria that outgrow TB
  • Release TB from cells and/or mucin
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13
Q

Agents for digestion and decontamination include

A
  • Trisodium phosphate (TSP)
  • Zephiran
  • 6% NaOH
  • 5% Oxalic acid
  • NALC NaOH method
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14
Q

Specimen Processing steps (first three)

A
  • Digestion
  • Decontamination
  • Neutralization
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15
Q

Hot Staining method, aka

Cold staining method, aka

A

Ziehl Neelsen

Kinyon

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16
Q

To report a slide as negative for Acid-Fast

A

must scan at least 300 oil immersion fields

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17
Q

To report a slide as negative for Fluorochrome

A

must scan at least 30 400X fields

18
Q

What solid media are recommended? (2)

A

1 Agar based (Middlebrook 7H10 non-selective)

1 Egg-Potato based (Lowenstein-Jensis, Petragnani)

19
Q

What liquid media are available?

A

Middlebrook 7H9 broth

BACTEC 12B medium

20
Q

What does the secondary stage of syphilis consist of?

A
  • Diffuse lesions
  • 2-10 wks flu-like symptoms
  • POSSIBLY continues into:
    • Latency period, wherein the disease becomes asymptomatic and subclinical
21
Q

What does Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue
cause and how does it spread?

How is T pallidum identified

A
  • Yaws in children
  • Person-to-person via breaks in skin
  • PCR, molecular techniques
  • Serodiagnosis (Reagin)
  • direct detection
22
Q

What are the morphological characteristics of spirochetes? How is Treponema pallidum usually treated?

A

Long, slender, coiled gram negative rods with flagella-like fibrils (providing motility) and an outer sheath. Penicillins.

23
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Yaws.

A
  • Skin lesions
  • Disfigurement of nose/bones,
  • Thickening, cracking of palms of hands, soles of the feet making walking painful
24
Q

What are the two causative agents of lyme disease?

What is the first stage of Lyme disease?

A
  1. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto
  2. Borrelia mayonii
  • Specific: Erythema chronicum migrans (bulls eye lesion)
  • Nonspecific: Headaches,fatigue, chills 3-30 days following exposure
25
Q

What are the second and third stages of Lyme disease?

A
  • Joint and muscle pain, cardiac arrhythmias, carditis
    • Can occur weeks after after initial bite
  • Chronic arthritis, possibly neurologic involvement
    • 2-3 years after bite
26
Q

Two major spp. of Leptospira include…?

A 
Leptospira interrogans (cause of human leptospirosis)
Leptospira biflexa (environmental strains)
27
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and kansasii are positive for

A

Niacin

28
Q

Specimen Processing steps (second three)

A
  • Concentration
  • Set up Smears
  • Set up cultures
29
Q

What is the treatment for Borrellia

A
  • Doxycycline in adults
  • Doxycycline is contraindicated in children under 8-10 years of age, treatment is 14 day course of amoxicillin. No protocol for prophylaxis exists for children.
30
Q

What species are part of the rickettsia spotted fever group?

A
  • R. conorii (Israeli spotted fever) Europe, Middle east
  • R. rickettsii (Rocky mountain spotted fever) U.S.
31
Q

Treponema pallidum subsp endemicum causes _____ which is spread _____.

A
  • Nonvenereal syphilis
  • mouth to mouth via utensils
32
Q

The primary stage of syphilis includes…

A
  • Chancres, skin lesions at site of bacterial penetration (10-90d after the initial infections)
  • Bacteria proliferate and enter blood, lymphatics.
33
Q

Treatment for Yaws

C trachomatis is responsible for _____ and _____.

A

One course of azithromycin

PID, ectopic pregnancy

34
Q

Chlamydia characteristics

A
  • Obligate intracellular bacteria (previously considered a virus)
  • Cannot be grown on cell-free media.
  • Life cycle is similar to parasites
    • Intracellular form termed a reticulate body
    • Extracellular, inert form (elementary body) The EB cannot survive for long outside of a host cell.
35
Q

What spp are part of the Rickettsia typhus group?

A
  • R. prowazekii (epidemic typhus)
  • R. typhi (murine ((endemic)) typhus(
    • fever
    • headache
    • rash
    • doxycycline is curative
36
Q

Which spp are obligate intracellular bacteria?

A
  • Chlamydia
  • Anaplasma
  • Rickettsia
  • Ehrlichia
37
Q

Erlichia signs/symptoms and treatment

A
  • Fever, headache, chills, vomiting, confusion, joint pain
  • 7-10 day course of doxycycline (tetracycline)
38
Q

How is Erlichia transmitted?

A
  • E. chaffeensis is transmitted by
    • Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum).
    • Believed to be different than STARI
    • Southern Tick Associated Rash Illness
  • Tick needs to be attached to human skin for 24 hours to transmit the bacteria.
  • Dogs, cats may serve as reservoirs
    • Merck Manual
39
Q

Cell wall deficient bacterial spp.

A
  • Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
  • Smallest of known free-living bacteria (0.3 to 0.8 microns)
  • Can be normal flora of the mouth, upper respiratory and genitourinary tract.
  • Fastidious
40
Q

Aerobic actinomyces (3)

A

Nocardia, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus

41
Q

How is Borrellia identified?

A
  • Serology is preferred method
  • Cultivation is possible, numbers may be low
  • Often can be seen in peripheral blood smears with the Wright’s stain before infection is clinically detected.
42
Q

Reticulate body, elementary body

A

Intracellular, extracellular (Chlamydia)

Diagnostic Microbiology (8 decks)

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