Examination 3: Gram negative bacilli, fermentation, antibiotics Flashcards
1
Q
- Only _____ % of people with Helicobacter pylori develop a peptic ulcer
- Glucose can be _____ by Vibrio.
A
- 10 - 20%
- Fermented
2
Q
- Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis kill bacteria by _____.
- Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Chromobacterium are/are not normal flora. What are their O2 requirements?
A
- inhibited production of murein/peptidoglycan layer
- Are not / Facultative anaerobes
3
Q
This agar is buffered to prevent pH changes.
Complications of peptic ulcer disease
A
Mueller-Hinton agar
Hemorrhage (anemia)
4
Q
Complications of peptic ulcer disease
A
Hemorrhage (anemia)
5
Q
Burkholderia mallei causes _____ in horses.
A
Glanders
6
Q
_____ is typically not used for Campylobacter
A
Serodiagnosis
7
Q
Antibiotics for other spp of Vibrio (besides cholerae) _____.
A
are not standardized
8
Q
The mechanism of this antibiotic is not known but it only works within the urinary tract.
A
Nitrofurantoin
9
Q
Sulfonamides are prescribed as a treatment for _____.
A
UTIs
10
Q
Oxidase testing of Vibrio should only be done _____.
A
off SBAP or one w/o a fermentable sugar
11
Q
Synergistic
A
When the result of 2 drugs is greater than the response of them separately
12
Q
If Kirby-Bauer plates are too thin, this results in _____.
(2 Factors)
A
Larger zones of inhibition
False susceptibility
13
Q
If an organism is resistant to an antibiotic the treatment is considered to be _____.
A
Not effective.
14
Q
Helicobacter pylori buffers its immediate vicinity from HCl by _____.
A
producing ammonia and CO2 from endogenous urea
15
Q
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, and Sulfa drugs may be indicated for the treatment of _____ due to the development of resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline.
A
Vibrio cholerae
16
Q
Two antibiotics of cell membrane function are
A
Polymyxin B
Colistin
17
Q
The Schlichter test is also known as _____.
A
Serum bacteriocidal test
18
Q
How are B mallei and pseudomallei differentiated?
A
Definitive ID is often done in reference labs with additional biochemical tests.
19
Q
What is a contraindication for aminoglycoside regimens and what should the patient avoid?
A
Contraindicated for renal patients.
Patient should avoid the use of NSAIDs.
20
Q
Oxidase negative non-fermentative GNB (2)
A
Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas
21
Q
How would a pH increase affect aminoglycoside activity?
A
It would decrease tetracycline activity.
22
Q
2nd most common GNF isolated in clinical labs
A
Acinetobacter spp
23
Q
Antibiotics can inhibit _____ , _____ , or _____ synthesis.
A
Cell wall
Protein
DNA/RNA
24
Q
Achromobacter and Chryseobacterium are MacConkey _____ and Oxidase _____.
A
Positive/Positive
25
Kirby-Bauer susceptibility testing cultures should ideally be performed when the culture is \_\_\_\_\_. If it is too old this leads the cultures to be \_\_\_\_\_.
24 hours old
Non-viable and can lead to false susceptibilities
26
Macrolides and Chloramphenicol are \_\_\_\_\_.
Polymixins are NSAs that are most effective against \_\_\_\_\_.
Bacteriostatic inhibitors of protein synthesis
G- bacteria
27
V/A/C preferred habitat
Water
28
Helicobacter is ideally recovered on what two media?
Chocolate
Brucella
29
Environmentally mediated resistance
Results from physical/chemical characteristics of the environment
30
Meliodosis is known to occur in what geographical locale
Southeast Asia
31
Enzymes that mediate resistance to Beta Lactams
(5)
Penicillinases
Cephalosporinases
ESBL's
Cephamycinases
Carbapenemases
32
Gram stain Vibrio
G- bacteria, straight to slightly curved rods
33
Infections of Alcaligenes and Bordetella are found more commonly in \_\_\_\_\_.
Commercial ID methods of these two are \_\_\_\_\_.
Immunosuppressed
Limited
34
This antibiotic is effective against G+, G-, and intracellular bacterial pathogens
Tetracycline
35
The E-test is a form of _____ susceptibility testing.
Quantitative
36
Pseudomonas has a net _____ charge.
Negative
37
Non-fermentive G- bacilli typically _____ on MacConkey agar.
grow
38
Acinetobacter is MAC _____ and oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive, Negative
39
This antibiotic type binds precursors of cell wall synthesis.
Glycopeptides
40
Rat bite fever symptoms include _____ (3).
Lymphadenitis
Rash
Flu-like symptoms
Also: relapsing fever, chills, systemic illness such as arthritis, meningitis, liver and spleen disease
41
Most common method of bacterial resistance to penicillins
Beta-lactamase
42
What are 01 and 0139, hemolysins, cytotoxins, and pili?
Virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae
43
Enterobacteriacea is MAC _____ and oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive, Negative
44
How are Kirby Bauer results reported?
Only as susceptible, resistant, or intermediate -- NOT diameters.
45
Where should disks not be placed when performing a Kirby-Bauer sensitivity test?
Towards the edges of the plate.
46
Is Burkholderia mucoid or non-mucoid?
Non-mucoid
47
Glycopeptides and Bacitracin are \_\_\_\_\_.
NSAs effective against G+ bacteria
48
Cholera patients present with this particular kind of stool.
Rice water
49
How should Kirby Bauer disk-diffusion plates be incubated?
(Temperature, O2 conditions, Position)
35 degrees C
CO2, if required
Inverted
50
Mueller-Hinton agar is _____ to prevent \_\_\_\_\_.
Buffered
pH change
51
Environmentally, where is Alcaligenes found?
Soil, Water
52
Helicobacter pylori possible routes of transmission
Oral/Oral
Fecal/Oral
53
What is MBC?
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration. Minimum [] at which the bacterial population is killed
54
The folic acid pathway produces \_\_\_\_\_.
(Besides folic acid)
Precursors for DNA synthesis.
55
What is important to know about NSAIDs
Should not be used with aminoglycosides.
56
Chryseobacterium can survive in _____ environments, especially moist environments where _____ is present.
Hospital environments
Chlorinated water
57
NSAs effective against G- bacteria
Polymixins
58
Streptobacillus moniliformis grows on _____ with _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
SBAP
Increased CO2
Humid environment
59
In humans Glanders can cause _____ (3).
Localized, pulmonary, and bloodstream infections
60
How do inhibitors of protein synthesis interfere with normal cell function?
(3 ways)
* Interrupt initial formation of proteins.
* Interferes with accurate reading of mRNA code.
* Disrupts ribosomal-mRNA complex
61
What antibiotic should be monitored carefully in terms of bone marrow aplasia?
Chloramphenicol
62
VRSA emerged from the exchange of genetic material from _____ to \_\_\_\_\_.
VRE to MRSA
63
Most GNF are oxidase positive except _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Acinetobacter Stenotrophomonas
64
[Alcaligenes / Bordetella] does not grow well.
Pick one of the two.
Bordetella
65
P aeruginosa has a _____ flagella
Monotrichous polar
66
Susceptibility testing for Campylobacter is typically not \_\_\_\_\_.
Standardized
67
Metronidazole is an inhibitor of \_\_\_\_\_.
DNA/RNA synthesis.
68
Mueller-Hinton agar supports the growth of \_\_\_\_\_.
Most frequent isolates
69
Kingella spp. (2)
K. kingae and K. denitrificans
70
When would an MIC be an appropriate test?
In use of penicillins or cephalosporins for S. pneumoniae treatments.
71
This DNA/RNA synthesis inhibitor leads to the quick development of resistance and is therefore usually used in combination with other antibiotics.
Rifampin
72
Streptobacillus monoliformis can cause _____ fever and _____ fever.
Rate bite fever
Haverhill fever.
73
Naladixic acid is the precursor to the BSA \_\_\_\_\_.
Fluoroquinolones.
74
Genetic mutation, gene transfer from one organism to another, or both, can lead to \_\_\_\_\_.
Microbial Mediated Resistance
75
This media, when uninoculated is green.
Hugh Leifson media
76
These are less toxic and more effective in humans
Synthetic antimicrobials
77
Alcaligenes and Bordetella are not _____ utilizers.
Bordetella bronchioseptica is NOT normal flora of \_\_\_\_\_.
Humans
Glucose
78
Campylobacter is not typically associated with \_\_\_\_\_.
Outbreaks
79
This agar is not antagonistic towards antibiotic activity.
Mueller-Hinton agar
80
Pyomelanin color
Brown
81
What should the MT do prior to plating Kirby-Bauer inoculum?
Press (formerly) sterile swab against one side of tube to remove excess fluid from it.
82
Cholera is a _____ disease.
Toxin-mediated
83
Bartonella quintana is the causative agent of \_\_\_\_\_.
Trench fever (historically)
84
Does Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei affect humans?
Rarely
85
Pyocyanin
Blue green pigment on SBAP. Only produced by P aeruginosa. 4% don't produce pyocyanin.
86
Acinetobacter spp. is _____ flora
possibly normal
87
Macrolides only affect \_\_\_\_\_
Gram-positive organisms
88
15 Minutes before next dose
30 minutes after dose
When a trough specimen is taken for the Schlichter test.
When a peak specimen is taken for the Schlichter test.
89
Largest group of antibiotics
Beta lactams
90
\_\_\_\_\_ screening method of sputum samples factors in SEC's per low-power field and Neutrophils per high power field.
Bartlett's
91
Campylobacter motility
Darting motility on wet prep
92
Lysed blood and tissues are the usual specimen for this organism. Grows on **fresh chocolate** agar (NOT BAP, NOT MacConkey). Requires prolonged incubation with CO2 (2 weeks). Requires high humidity
Bartonella spp.
93
Clinical Resistance
Drug is no longer effective for clinical use
against the organism.
This is determined by susceptibility testing.
94
Haverhill fever has more pronounced _____ than rat bite fever.
GI symptoms
95
**Acitinobacillus, Aggregatibacter, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga**
The above are considered to be of _____ virulence.
Low
96
Kirby-Bauer plates should be checked/measured after \_\_\_\_\_.
16-18 hours
97
When is a trough specimen taken for the Schlichter test?
When is the peak specimen taken for the Schlichter test?
15 Minutes before next dose
30 minutes after dose
98
Cary-Blair medium is necessary for \_\_\_\_\_.
Vibro spp.
99
Morphology of peptic ulcers
Shallow, oval, erosions on the mucosal surface
100
Pseudomonas and Burkholderia are MAC _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive/Positive
101
Vibrio vulnificans does not spread \_\_\_\_\_. What is another Gram-negative organism that does not spread in this way?
From person to person
Burkholderia mallei
102
What is the mechanism of action of Sulfonamides?
Competitive inhibition of enzymes involved in folic acid synthesis
103
Gastritis and peptic ulcers might be indicative of \_\_\_\_\_.
Helicobacter pylori
104
Pyocyanin
Blue pigment that produces reactive O2 species causing tissue damage
105
Stenotrophomonas maltophila is the _____ most common GNF isolated clinically
3rd
106
Involved in nosocomial and opportunistic infections
Stenotrophomonas maltophila
107
Moraxella and elongated Neisseria are MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Negative/Positive
108
Small, curved, motile gram-negative bacilli
Prefer microaerobic (5-10% O2) environments
Campylobacter
Arcobacter
109
Newer, safer agents have minimized the use of this antibiotic due to its toxicity.
Chloramphenicol.
110
Polymixins are produced by \_\_\_\_\_.
Paenibacillus polymyxa
111
Aminoglycosides, macrolides, chloramphenicols, and tetracyclines are \_\_\_\_\_.
Four types of protein synthesis inhibitors.
112
Kirby-Bauer plates should be incubated at \_\_\_\_\_.
35 degrees C
Inverted to avoid excess moisture from collecting on agar surface
113
The preferred media for Helicobacter pylori is _____ agar with _____ % O2.
Temperature of incubation is _____ and incubation may take \_\_\_\_\_.
Chocolate
5-10%
35-37 C
1 Week
114
Mueller-Hinton agar is used in \_\_\_\_\_.
Kirby-Bauer susceptibility testing
115
Aminoglycosides are bacter(iostatic/cidal). This antibiotic's dosage is monitored using \_\_\_\_\_.
Bacteriocidal
Peak and trough values
116
These can better withstand beta-lactamases
Cephalosporins
117
**Acitinobacillus, Aggregatibacter, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga**
Morphologically the above are \_\_\_\_\_.
(Microscopically)
Gram negative bacilli-coccobacilli
118
Other species of Chryseobacterium/Elizabethkingia may be varable in terms of their _____ and _____ reactions.
MacConkey and Oxidase
119
NSAs effective against G+ bacteria
Glycopeptides Bacitracin
120
Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of \_\_\_\_\_, which is characterized by the patient having \_\_\_\_\_.
This is optimally recovered on media with \_\_\_\_\_.
Tularemia. This disease is characterized by high fever (104 C).
Cysteine.
121
This spp causes Glanders in horses
Burkholderia mallei
122
What is the purpose of mucus?
Protects normal gastric epithelium from HCl
123
What are the four possible types of inhibitors of protein synthesis?
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Chloramphenicols
Tetracyclines
124
Secretes proteases and phospholipases that break down glycoprotein-lipid complexes in mucus
Helicobacter pylori
125
Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin are \_\_\_\_\_.
Inhibitors of protein synthesis (aminoglycosides)
126
The ATB activity in a patient's serum is determined by \_\_\_\_\_.
Serum bacteriocidal test (SBT)
127
Asaccharolytic organisms are \_\_\_\_\_.
Non glucose fermentating/oxidizing
128
Aminoglycosides are ineffective against \_\_\_\_\_.
Anaerobes
129
Incubation of glucose oxidizers
24 - 72 hours 22 -35 degrees C
130
ACV is oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive
131
Associated with bacteremia and infective endocarditis (5% of endocarditis cases due to these organisms)
HACEK
132
C in Campy-CVA
Cefoperazone
133
If pure culture is too heavy relative to the McFarland Standard, we will obtain results that are \_\_\_\_\_.
Falsely resistant
(More bacteria/area consume more antibiotic leading to smaller zones of inhibition. This makes them falsely resistant.)
134
Biological resistance
Changes in cell structure or physiology resulting in less susceptibility than previously observed
135
Cholera toxin is produced by these two serotypes
01 and 0139 of V cholerae
136
Helicobacter pylori gram staining characteristics
Curved, gram-negative rods
137
This can be fatal if it is in the bloodstream
Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei
138
Glanders _____ be transmitted from horses to humans. Glanders ______ be transmitted from human to human.
Can Cannot
139
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is _____ flora
Possibly normal
140
Campy-BAP contains the two antibiotics _____ and _____ in order to suppressthe growth of normal fecal flora.
vancomycin, trimethoprim
141
Chryseobacterium meningosepticum has been renamed to
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
142
Chronic gastritis
Long-standing inflammation with mucosal atrophy, metaplasia, possibly dysplasia (malignant potential)
143
Warthin-Starry silver stain
Stain for biopsies of suspected Helicobacter pylori
144
Blue pigment that produces reactive oxygen species
Pyocyanin
145
This GNBC will not grow on MAC and is Oxidase+
Kingella
146
Aminoglycosides are not recommended with \_\_\_\_\_.
NSAIDs
147
Infections of Vibrio parahaemolyticus present with _____ diarrhea.
How many V haemolyticus cases are there per year in the US?
Watery
4500
148
What is Campy-CVA good for?
Arcobacter and Campylobacter recovery.
149
Inhibits protein synthesis in host cell
Exotoxin A
150
Pyocyanin is only produced by \_\_\_\_\_.
P. aeruginosa
151
The metabolism of glucose to pyruvate occurs through these three pathways.
EMP, ED, PP
152
Contraindicated for renal patients. Patient should also avoid the use of NSAIDs when taking this antibiotic regimen.
Aminoglycoside regimens
153
What are polymyxins derived from?
Paenibacillis (Bacillus) polymyxa
154
Three Burkholderia spp of significance
cepacia mallei pseudomallei
155
Contaminated oysters may contain this microorganism.
Vibrio vulnificans
156
Pseudomonas is MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive
Positive
157
Infection arises from cats harboring fleas. Causes bacteremia, enlarged lymph nodes, and pustule at site of infection.
Bartonella henselae
Cat scratch fever
158
Aeromonas lactose fermentation
LF and NLF
159
What are the preferred specimens for Vibrio vulnificans?
Wounds, blood, or stool (due to ingestion of seafood)
160
T/F All Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce pyocyanin
F -- 4% do not produce pyocyanin
161
O2 requirements of glucose oxidizers
Obligate aerobes
162
Acinetobacter spp does not reduce _____ to \_\_\_\_\_.
Nitrates (NO3) to Nitrites (NO2)
163
Arcobacter and Campylobacter recovery is best done on _____ agar.
Campy-CVA
164
This inhibits intestinal flora in TCBS media
High pH (8.6)
165
Susceptibility testing is also referred to as \_\_\_\_\_.
Sensitivity testing.
166
Antibiogram
Guides physicians in selecting empiric therapy for future patients with the expectation of optimizing outcomes.
167
This organism's normal habitat is gastric mucosa. It causes chronic infection and its transmission is poorly understood (oral/oral, fecal/oral)
Helicobacter pylori
168
PBPs are necessary for \_\_\_\_\_.
cell wall synthesis in G+ bacteria
169
Urease positive organism with corkscrew motility.
Helicobacter pylori
170
Some GNF are oxidizers of _____ and some are \_\_\_\_\_.
Glucose Asaccharolytic
171
Beta lactamase is produced by Gram _____ bacteria
Positive and negative
172
What does no reaction in both tubes indicate?
Unknown is asaccharolytic.
173
What causes meliodosis?
Burkholderia pseudomallei
174
Polymyxins are both \_\_\_\_\_.
bacteriostatic and bactericidal
175
Extended spectrum beta lactamases confer resistance to \_\_\_\_\_.
extended spectrum cephalosporins and monobactams
176
Death from cholera occurs due to \_\_\_\_\_.
Hypovolemic shock secondary to fluid loss. Dehydration.
177
Vibrio vulnificans is found in what two types of water?
Brackish, Seawater
178
This is used as a last resort against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Inhibitors of cell membrane function
179
Acinetobacter is oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Negative
180
ACV all grow on \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
SBAP, Chocolate, and MAC
181
Environmentally, Burkholderia pseudomallei is found in \_\_\_\_\_.
Soil, rice paddies
182
Any process in which the O2 of a compound is increased.
Oxidation
183
Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Chromobacterium are all oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive
184
Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Rickettsia-like organisms can be treated with what two antibiotics?
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
185
Inhibitors of protein synthesis are either _____ or \_\_\_\_\_.
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic
186
Bacteriostatic agents are \_\_\_\_\_.
Inhibitory
187
In TCBS what inhibits G+ organisms?
Bile salts
188
These Vibrio serotypes have been involved in epidemics and pandemics
01 and 0139
189
What are nitroimidazoles?
NSA effective against anaerobic bacteria
190
Aminoglycosides are inhibitors of _____ synthesis.
Protein
191
How should ACV be incubated?
24 hours @ 35 degrees C in ambient CO2
MAC should only be incubated in ambient air
192
Etiological agents of gastritis
Alcohol, Smoking, Radiation
Chronic H. pylori infection
193
VISA and VRSA are susceptible to \_\_\_\_\_.
| (3)
Daptomycin
Rifampin
Tetracycline
194
Associated with human bite wounds or closed fist wounds (abrasions from facial punches cause someone was throwin shaaaade)
Eikenella corrodens
195
Is Vibrio spread from person to person through casual contact?
Transmission through casual contact is not very likely. It is transmitted mostly through fecal-oral transmission
196
Surface carbohydrate that impedes phagocytosis
Alginate
197
ES Beta lactams are derived from _____ and confer resistance to _____ and \_\_\_\_\_
Beta-lactams
Penicillins and cephalosporins
198
Patients requiring chloramphenicol should be monitored carefully for \_\_\_\_\_.
Bone marrow aplasia
199
Trimethoprim is frequently combined with \_\_\_\_\_.
Sulfonamides. An inhibitor of (other) metabolic processes.
200
Shallow, oval, erosions (ulcerations) on the mucosal surface
Morphology of peptic ulcers
201
What does the D-test indicate?
Presence of macrolide-inducible resistance to clindamycin produced by an inducible methylase (which alters the common ribosomal binding site for macrolides, clindamycin, and Group B Streptogrammins).
202
Possible antibiotics againsy V cholerae are _____ (3).
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Sulfa drugs
203
\_\_\_\_\_ is the drug of choice for susceptibility testing of Campylobacter.
Erythromycin
204
Preferred habitat of AVC is
Water
205
Indicator in Hugh-Leifson OF media
Bromthymol blue indicator
206
The "urea breath test" is associated with this organism.
Helicobacter pylori.
207
Up to _____ disks can be applied to a 150 mm plate.
Up to _____ disks can be applied to a 100 mm plate.
12 disks
6 disks
208
What is a good way to determine if a treatment is effective?
Perform an SBT
209
Kingella may be a risk for \_\_\_\_\_.
Poor oral hygiene
210
Inhibits protein synthesis in host cells. Virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Exotoxin A
211
Kirby-Bauer susceptibility testing uses _____ agar
Mueller-Hinton
212
Melioidosis is also known as what?
Whitmore’s disease
213
Aminoglycosides are often used in combination with _____ or \_\_\_\_\_, such as \_\_\_\_\_
Beta-lactams Glycopeptides Vancomycin
214
Alcaligenes and Bordetella are MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive, Positive
215
This organism does and doesn't appear mucoid in terms of its plate morphology.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
216
The most common (bacterial) etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in the U.S.
Campylobacter (Salmonella very close)
217
Broad spectrum antibiotics are \_\_\_\_\_.
Antibiotics effective against Gram+ and Gram- bacteria
218
This BSA is bacteriostatic and inhibits protein synthesis.
Tetracycline.
219
2 NSAs effective against **aerobic** bacteria.
(Commonly paired together)
Aminoglycosides
Sulfonamides
220
Transmission of AVC can occur through ingestion of what three food items?
Produce, meat, seafood
221
Water is the preferred habitat of what three organisms?
V, A, C
222
Trimethoprim is frequently combined with
Sulfonamides
223
One of the most important treatments to cholera is \_\_\_\_\_.
rehydration
224
Molecular assays of Campylobacter are based on PCR amplification of \_\_\_\_\_.
16S rRNA gene
225
There are _____ cases of cholera annually and _____ deaths.
3 to 5 million 100,000
226
Pseudomonas aeruginosa frequently causes infections in ________ patients.
Cystic fibrosis
227
This organism can cause gastroenteritis with diarrhea (most often in children), it is found in freshwater and chlorinated water, is G-, oxidase+, beta hemolytic bacilli that produces deoxyribonuclease. Can cause HUS with kidney failure.
Aeromonas spp.
Aeromonas hydrophila
228
Ubiquitous pathway in both eucaryotes and procaryotes.
EMP
229
There has been increasing resistance to _____ due to bacteria producing enzymes which inhibit their actions.
Beta-lactams
230
Three glucose fermenters
VAC
231
Two Bartonella spp. of interest are _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Bartonella quintana
Bartonella henselae
232
What is an E-test
Gradient diffusion method using plastric strips containing varying concentrations of an antimicrobial.
233
Vibrio vulnificans can release toxins such as \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
Lipases, Proteases, and Collagenases
234
C violaceum can be detected with a(n) \_\_\_\_\_.
PCR Assay
235
Third most requently encountered GNF clinically
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
236
Most commonly isolated NGF clinically
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
237
Anaerobic degradation of glucose to pyruvate produces _____ ATP.
1
238
Stenotrophomonas is oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Negative
239
Asaccharolytic
Term for bacteria that do not oxidize or ferment sugars.
240
Acid (yellow) only in open tubes means \_\_\_\_\_.
Acid (yellow) in both OF media tubes indicates \_\_\_\_\_.
No reaction in either OF tubes indicates \_\_\_\_\_.
Oxidative
Fermentation or possibly fermentation and oxidation
Assacharolytic
241
Able to survive in harsh environments and displays resistance to antimicrobial agents
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
242
Changes in cell structure or physiology resulting in less susceptibility than previously observed
Biological resistance
243
What media does Brucella optimally grow on?
Brucella agar
| (adds heated horse serum)
244
Pigment that helps microbe obtain iron from the environment
Pyoverdin
245
Beta lactams and aminoglycosides
Two structural classes of antibiotics
246
Vibrio and Aeromonas are MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive/Positive
247
Pseudomonas aeruginosa TSI Results
K/K gas- H2S-
248
Sulfonamides are frequently combined with
Trimethoprim
249
Burkholderia cepacia grows on
BAP, Choc, MAC
250
What competes to attach to Pseudomonas?
Aminoglycosides
and
Cations (Ca++ and Mg++)
251
With high CO2 and high humidity, this will show good growth on BAP. Pale yellow pigment, pits (corrosion) in the agar. Bleach-like odor.
Eikenella corrodens
252
Most common sites of peptic ulcers (three, from most frequent to less frequent)
First portion of duodenum
Stomach (antrum)
GE junction
253
Eikenella corrodens is MAC _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Negative
Positive
254
What are bacitracin and glycopeptides?
NSA effective against G+ bacteria
255
Nitroimidazoles are \_\_\_\_\_.
NSA effective against anaerobic bacteria
256
Eikenella corrodens is MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Negative/Positive
257
What interferes with antibiotics targeting folic acid synthesis (e.g., sulfonamides)?
Thymidine
258
This aspect of Hugh Leifson OF media enhances acid formation
Increased CHO concentration
259
This Vibrio spp. may be found in brackish water and in seawater. May cause diarrhea, cramping, and nausea. Illnessis usually self limiting.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
260
**Acitinobacillus, Aggregatibacter, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga**
The above are _____ growers, taking _____ at 35-37 degrees C
Slow
48 Hours
261
What must be done to samples in preparation for the Schlichter test?
Dilutions are set up and inoculated with bacterial isolate from patient.
Diluted samples are incubated overnight.
262
What does acid (yellow color) in both Hugh-Leifson OF tubes indicate?
Unknown performs fermentation OR both oxidation AND fermentation.
263
These act as a detergent to open up cell membranes
Polymixins
264
Biopsies of suspected Helicobacter pylori may be stained with this histological stain.
Warthin-Starry silver stain
265
What is cellular respiration?
Release of energy stored in chemical bonds of glucose and other carbohydrates to produce ATP. Includes use of oxygen as the final e- accepter in ETC.
266
Extended spectrum antibiotics have greater activity against \_\_\_\_\_.
Gram- bacteria
267
Medium to large, smooth, opaque colonies with greenish hue on SBAP. Possibly beta hemolytic
Vibrio
268
Macrolides are most effective against _____ bacteria because \_\_\_\_\_.
Gram positive
They are too large to penetrate the outer membrane of Gram negatives
269
Pasteurella is MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Negative/Positive
270
Most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in U.S.
(19-21m cases per year)
Norovirus
271
How does sensitivity testing help patients in the distant future?
Drives drug research and monitors evolution of resistance.
272
What is the lifetime risk of peptic ulcer disease?
10% for males
4% for females
273
How are Campylobacter and Arcobacter transmitted from animals to humans?
Animal feces contaminating water.
274
Vaccines for this condition only exist outside of the US.
Cholera
275
Glucose oxidizers are _____ gram _____ \_\_\_\_\_
Nonfermentive Gram- Bacilli
276
What does B mallei cause? What does B pseudomallei cause?
Glanders
Meliodosis
277
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia motility
Motile with a tuft of flagella
278
With sputum screening, a score of 0 or less indicates \_\_\_\_\_.
Lack of inflammation and/or contamination with saliva (too many SEC's)
279
Gram-negatives are resistant to macrolides because \_\_\_\_\_.
macrolides cannot pass through outer cell membrane
280
What are the virulence factors of Vibrio cholerae?
01 and 0139
Hemolysins
Cytotoxins
Pili
281
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Sulfa drugs
Antibiotics against V. cholerae
282
\_\_\_\_\_ antibiotics are more toxic and less effective to humans.
Natural
283
Penicillins
284
Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Minimum drug concentration at which the bacterial population is inhibited and does not show visually discernable growth.
285
Gram stains of G- nonfermentive bacteria should not be performed from this agar.
MacConkey
286
Aminoglycosides are contraindicated in _____ because \_\_\_\_\_.
Renal patients
These require elimination via the kidneys
287
Eikenella corrodens is normal flora of \_\_\_\_\_.
The mouth
288
Resistance to vancomycin occurs because of _____ reducing antibiotic's ability to bind microbe.
altered cell wall precursors
289
Semi-synthetic antimicrobials are \_\_\_\_\_.
chemically-altered natural compounds
290
Unknown performs fermentation OR both oxidation AND fermentation
Acid (yellow color) is produced in both Hugh-Leifson OF tubes.
291
Pure culture is _____ McFarland Standard. This is equivalent to _____ CFU/mL.
0. 5 McFarland Standard
1. 5x108 CFU/mL
292
Beta lactam rings are formed by
The binding of two amino acids: Cysteine and Valine
293
If pure culture is too light relative to the McFarland Standard we will obtain \_\_\_\_\_.
False susceptibility
294
Reemerging bacteremia, endocarditis, and lymphadenopathy may indicate the presence of \_\_\_\_\_, especially in homeless, HIV, or immunocompromised patients. Transmitted by body lice.
Bartonella quintana
295
Length of time
Temperature
O2 / CO2 requirements
Three considerations an MT must make when incubating a microorganism
296
GNB Growth on MacConkey
Typically positive (clear).
297
Changes in the cations Mg++ and Ca++ would most noticably affect the resistance of \_\_\_\_\_.
Pseudomonas spp.
298
What does the Schlichter test provide?
| (2)
MBC and MIC
299
Kingella is normal flora of the \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_.
Mouth
Throat
Genitourinary tract
300
Scarring
Perforation
Malignant transformation (rare)
Possible complications of peptic ulcer disease
301
Imbalance between mucosal defense mechanisms (mucus) gets produced to protect columnar epithelium and HCl production may occur in response to this organism.
Helicobacter pylori
302
What are some notable beta-lactamases?
3 major, 2 bonus.
Penicillinases
Cephalosporinases
ESBL's
Bonus:
Cephamycinases
Carbapenemases
303
Vibrio spp requires this particular type of transport media. Why can't it use other transport media?
Cary-Blair. Other media can be toxic.
304
Nitrofurantoin
Antibiotic in which the exact mechanism is unknown. Only works within the urinary tract
305
What color is uninoculated Hugh Leifson media? How deep should the MT stab this media?
Green
Within 1/4th of an inch from the bottom of the tube
306
Cephalosporins are structurally similar to
Penicillins
307
Three considerations an MT must make when incubating a microorganism
Length of time
Temperature
O2 / CO2 requirements
308
What sort of results can an E-test provide? Why would a clinician not perform an E-test
MIC
Very Expensive
309
Glycopeptides are a(n) _____ that is used for \_\_\_\_\_.
Antibiotic
Gram+ organisms
310
Violet colonies on SBAP. Infections are rare but severe. Begins with cellulitis, disrupted skin. Procedes to lymphadentitis. Systemic shock possible with abscess formation and shock.
Chromobacterium violaceum
311
What is important about Aminoglycosides having a net positive charge?
Facilitates attachment of antibiotic to cell.
312
Stenotrophomonas is MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive/Negative
313
Decreased peptone concentration is a feature of \_\_\_\_\_.
Hugh Leifson OF media
314
For the treatment of Vibrio cholarae, treatment with the three antibiotics, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_, may be indicated due to resistance developing to tetracycline and doxycycline.
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Sulfa drugs
315
Sensitivity testing helps currently infected patients by \_\_\_\_\_.
Tailoring treatments of individual patients.
316
Specimen requirements for VAC. What media should these be transported in?
Stool, rectal swabs. Cary Blair medium
317
Antibiotic used against Gram+ organisms
Glycopeptides
318
What do bile salts in TCBS do?
Inhibit G+ organisms
319
Exotoxin A
Inhibits protein synthesis in host cells. Virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
320
Media used for oxidative-fermentation testing.
Hugh-Leifson OF media
321
Pyocyanin
Blue pigment that produces reactive oxygen species
322
If Vibrio is Oxidase tested from MAC what can happen?
Lactose fermentation acidifies the medium to below pH 5.1, which can result in a false negative for Oxidase.
323
Are macrolides bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?
Bacteriostatic
324
Contamination of what may lead to an infection of Vibrio vulnificans?
Seafood (Oysters)
325
In oxidation, _____ are formed with no _____ produced.
Weak Acids Gas
326
Two very important oxidase positive, non-fermentative GNB are \_\_\_\_\_.
Pseudomonas and Burkholderia
327
Most nonfermentive GNB possess the ability to grow on \_\_\_\_\_.
MacConkey
328
Microbial Mediated Resistance is _____ and Environmentally mediated resistance is \_\_\_\_\_.
Predictable
Unpredictable (relatively)
329
Microbial Mediated Resistance
Intrinsic/natural/consistently inherited resistance resulting from organism's physiology.
330
UTIs can be treated with \_\_\_\_\_.
Sulfonamides
331
Columbia CNA agar contains _____ which is used to derive \_\_\_\_\_.
Naladixic Acid
Floroquinolones
332
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is ______ normal flora.
Rarely
333
Pathogenis of Vibrio vulnificans can lead to both \_\_\_\_\_.
Diarrhea and vomiting. Extension of disease beyond the GI tract.
334
**Acitinobacillus, Aggregatibacter, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga**
What are the O2 requirements of the above?
What do they grow well on?
Are they normal flora for humans?
Capnophiles (5 to 10% CO2)
SBAP and Chocolate.
Many are normal flora but Acitinobacillus is NOT normal flora. It is often found in bite wounds as it is normal for for animals.
335
Acinetobacter spp is oxidase ______ and catalase \_\_\_\_\_\_
Negative, Positive.
336
Intrinsic/natural/consistently inherited resistance resulting from organism's physiology
Microbial Mediated Resistance
337
What are the incubation requirements of glucose oxidizers
24 - 72 hours 22 -35 degrees C
338
Francisella tularensis is optimally recovered on _____ because it contains \_\_\_\_\_.
Buffered charcoal yeast extract.
Contains cysteine.
339
Campylobacter is transmitted by \_\_\_\_\_
Ingesting contaminated water or food
340
Synonymous with anaerobic metabolism
Fermentation
341
What are two types of resistance?
Clinical and biological resistance.
342
Anaerobes are not affected by \_\_\_\_\_.
Aminoglycosides
343
Are beta lactams BSA or NSA?
BSA
344
NSA effective against aerobic bacteria (2)
Aminoglycosides Sulfonamides
345
Inhibitors of cell membrane function are often used \_\_\_\_\_.
as a last resort e.g. against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
346
Why can't glycopeptides be used on GNB?
Glycopeptides are too large to penetrate the outer cell membrane of GNB.
347
Results from physical/chemical characteristics of the environment
Environmentally mediated resistance
348
Consequences of H pylori infection
Chronic gastritis
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Gastric Carcinoma
349
By age 50, _____ is found in 50% of asymptomatic US adults
Helicobacter pylori
350
Possibly normal flora
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
351
Cholera differs from dysentery because \_\_\_\_\_.
Cholera does not produce blood in the stool and there is an absence of inflammatory cells.
352
T or F: All antibiotics are antimicrobials
True
353
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is MacConkey
positive (and clear)
354
Bartonella is ideally recovered from this media
Chocolate
355
Campylobacter Gram stain
Small curved gram-negative bacilli
356
Antimicrobial agent
Chemical substance derived from a microorganism or is produced synthetically that inhibits multiplication and growth of microorganisms. Refers to more human-made bacteriocidal agents
357
What does high pH (8.6) in TCBS do?
Inhibits other intestinal flora
358
Metronidazole works against _____ organisms, especially ones that are \_\_\_\_\_.
Anaerobic
Gram-
359
The purpose of bactericidal agents is to \_\_\_\_\_.
kill bacteria
360
What is the course of treatment for Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Hydration. ATB typically not necessary.
Tetracycline for severe cases
361
Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei is responsible for what disease? How is this treated?
Glanders in horses
Tetracyclines
362
ATP is produced with \_\_\_\_\_.
The energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose.
363
What enzymes do BL antibiotics bind to?
PBP
364
Tiny GNCB on BAP and Chocolate.
3 - 5 days increased CO2.
Kingella
365
Toxicity/side effects to antibiotics range from nausea to very severe symptoms such as \_\_\_\_\_.
Nephrotoxicity
Bone marrow toxicity
Allergic reactions
366
MIC can be detected by what two analysis methods?
Vitek and the E-test
367
Glucose is an important carbon source for what cellular function?
Cellular respiration
368
What two factors are important to check with disk diffusion disks?
Age and storage conditions.
369
Macrolides are inhibitors of \_\_\_\_\_. Two examples of macrolides are \_\_\_\_\_.
Protein synthesis. Erythromycin, Clindamycin
370
When would performing an E-test be advised?
To determine MIC when you have fastidious or slow growing organisms that do not work well using automated methods.
371
How many directions should the MT streak the surface of a Kirby-Bauer plate to ensure confluent growth?
Three
372
Aminoglycosides have a net _____ charge.
Positive
373
What does the Schlichter test determine? Why is this important
ATB activity in the patient's serum.
Determines if the treatment is effective or not.
374
Antibiotic disks need to be added within _____ minutes of applying the microorganism to the plate using the Kirby-Bauer procedure.
15 Minutes
375
AVC is transmitted primarily through \_\_\_\_\_.
Ingestion/exposure to contaminated water
376
Are inhibitors of cell membrane function more or less toxic to humans?
More
377
Alcaligenes and Bordetella (nonpertussis) are MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive/Positive
378
Precursors for DNA synthesis are produced in what pathway?
Folic acid pathway
379
Acinetobacter spp. is the _____ most common GNF isolated clinically
2nd
380
Incubation temperature for C jejuni and C coli
42 degrees
381
What media is Campylobacter optimally recovered from?
CAMPY-BAP
382
Erythromycin and clindamycin are examples of what class of antibiotic? Which microbes are these not effective against?
Macrolides. Gram- bacteria -- these are too large to pass through the outer membrane
383
Chryseomonas is MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive/Negative
384
Pyruvate feeds into the _____ and then into the \_\_\_\_\_.
Kreb's Cycle ETC
385
These antibiotics are both bacteriostatic and bactericidal
Polymyxins
386
Antibiotics that inhibit cell membranes cause \_\_\_\_\_.
cell membrane destruction, leading to the leakage of ions and macromolecules
387
Infections with campylobacter are typically more severe in _____ patients.
AIDS
388
Pyoverdin (fluorescein) flouresces
Yellow
389
Strongly linked to contaminated sea food
Vibrio cholerae
390
Can be natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic
Antimicrobials
391
Chromobacterium colony morphology
Black to dark purple and has an almond-like smell on SBAP.
392
Vibrio Aeromonas and Chromobacterium are Gram \_\_\_\_\_.
Negative
393
Floroquinolones are _____ spectrum antibiotics that are derivatives of \_\_\_\_\_.
Broad
Naladixic Acid
394
Cefoperazone
C in Campy-CVA
395
What are the results of an oxidative organism in Hugh-Leifson OF media?
Acid (yellow) in open tube only
396
Glycoproteins bind to \_\_\_\_\_.
precursors of cell wall synthesis
397
What is the term for bacteria that do not oxidize or ferment sugars?
Asaccharolytic
398
What is the advantage of cephalosporins?
They can better withstand beta lactamases
399
Cardiobacterium hominus is normal flora of the \_\_\_\_\_. Bacteremia and endocarditis may result from \_\_\_\_\_. This is only isolated from \_\_\_\_\_.
Mouth
Recent dental work
Blood cultures
400
BP equation
COxPR
401
Most non-fermentative bacteria are oxidase
positive
402
Campylobacter pathogenesis infections are typically _____ and don't require \_\_\_\_\_.
Self-limiting
Antibiotics
403
Chronic gastritis can lead to Helicobacter pylori becoming \_\_\_\_\_.
Normal flora
404
Three antibiotics that are inhibitors of other metabolic processes
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim
Nitrofurantoin
405
Chromobacterium lactose fermentation
NLF
406
Pigs
Poultry
Sheep
Bulls
Reservoirs for Campylobacter and Arcobacter
407
If Kirby-Bauer agar is too deep, this results in \_\_\_\_\_.
(2 Factors)
Smaller zones of inhibition
False resistance
408
Antibiotic
Chemical substance produced by a microorganism (typically fungus or bacteria) that inhibits multiplication and growth or kills other microorganisms.
409
What is Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to?
Penicillin and ampicillin
410
Rice water stools are indicative of \_\_\_\_\_.
cholera
411
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in patients with \_\_\_\_\_.
CF
412
Alginate
Surface carbohydrate that impedes phagocytosis
413
T / F
Molecular methods and commercial enzyme immunoassays are available for Helicobacter pylori
T
414
If an ESBL is detected the MT should \_\_\_\_\_.
report ALL penicillins, cephalosporins, and aztreonam as resistant even if in vitro tests say otherwise.
415
Actinobacillus, Kingella, and Cardiobacterium are MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Negative/Positive
416
Second, third, fourth, and fifth-generation cephalosporins are sometimes referred to as \_\_\_\_\_.
Extended spectrum antibiotics
417
Surface carb that impedes phagocytosis
Alginate
418
What is a CRE?
What is important to remember about CREs?
Carbepenem resistant enterobacteriaceae.
CRE strains of an organism (Ec, Kp or Pa) does not mean ALL of the organisms are CRE.
419
How should Campylobacter be incubated?
Campylobacter prefers microaerobic conditions (5-10% O2 (**NOT CO2**) and 85% N2). Temperature varies per species.
42 for jejuni / coli
35 for doylei
420
Why might tetracycline and doxycycline be toxic to human cells?
Works against intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Rickettsia-like microorganisms. May damage human cells as a result of damaging pathogens. Also, Rickettsia and mitochondria may share a common ancestor.
421
T / F
Vibrio cholerae and vulnifcans are to be reported to the CDC but parahaemolyticus does not need to be.
F
All need to be reported
422
This microorganism is black to dark purple and has an almond-like smell on SBAP.
Chromobacterium
423
What is the grading scale for neutrophils?
Neutrophils per low-power field (10x)
0 = Less than 10
+1 = 10 - 25
+2 = Greater than 25
+1 = Mucus
424
This organism is found on plants, in soil, and in water. It is spread from person to person through kissing and doorknobs. It often colonizes the respiratory tract of CF patients.
Burkholderia cepacia
425
Non-fermentive G- bacilli grow on _____ and _____ media. GNF can also be referred to as \_\_\_\_\_.
SBAP and Chocolate
Glucose Oxidizers
426
MRSA resistance is due to MecA gene coding for \_\_\_\_\_.
An alternative PBP called PBP 2a
427
Positive on MacConkey but clear.
GNF
428
P aeruginosa grows well at _____ C.
42 degrees C
429
Bordetella brochiseptica is normal flora of _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Dogs and cats
430
Can cause severe dehydration, hypotension, death. Most people exposed to this organism remain asymptomatic but shed bacteria in stool for 7 to 14 days.
V cholerae
431
Chryseobacterium meningosepticum is associated with \_\_\_\_\_.
Neonatal meningitis
432
What are polymixins?
NSA effective against G- bacteria
433
Any reaction in which the positivity increases from electron loss
Oxidation
434
Oxygen is excluded in
fermentation
435
ESBLs do not affect _____ or \_\_\_\_\_.
Cephamycins or carbepenems
436
35 degrees C
With CO2 if required
Storage of KBDD plates
437
The Schlichter test requires \_\_\_\_\_.
Two specimens. A trough specimen (15 min before next dose) and peak specimen (30-60 min after dose when antimicrobial [] is highest
438
Reservoirs for Campylobacter and Arcobacter
Pigs
Poultry
Sheep
Bulls
439
One of the advantages of disk diffusion is that it is _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Constant, reproducible
440
How are Hugh Leifson OF media tubes prepared?
Tube 1: Open and exposed to air. Loose lid. Tube 2: Overlaid with mineral oil. Closed lid.
441
Antibiotics that affect cell wall synthesis are relatively _____ to humans
Non-toxic
442
Chromobacterium violaceum is MacConkey _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive/Positive
443
This pathway is greatly used by aerobic bacteria
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway (ED)
444
Tetracycline is a _____ \_\_\_\_\_ that inhibits protein synthesis.
Bacteriostatic
BSA
445
Pseudomonas and Burkholderia are oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive
446
NSAs effective against G+ bacteria
Bacitracin, glycopeptides
447
Vibrio cholerae has shown resistance to _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
Tetracycline Doxycycline
448
Vancomycin is _____ glycoprotein that \_\_\_\_\_.
large
inhibits cell wall synthesis
449
HACEK
Organisms that are normal flora of oral cavity, upper respiratory and genitourinary tracts.
450
What is the difference between a microorganism being susceptible and resistant?
Susceptibility means the organism is inhibited or killed by the actions of an antibiotic.
Resistant means the organism is not inhibited or killed by the actions of an antibiotic.
451
NSA effective against anaerobic bacteria
Nitroimidazoles
452
Chemical substance derived from a microorganism or is produced synthetically that inhibits multiplication and growth of microorganisms. Refers to more human-made bacteriocidal agents
Antimicrobial agent
453
Bartlett's screening method of sputum samples does what?
Takes into account SEC's per low-power field and Neutrophils per high power field.
454
Hypovolemic shock secondary to fluid loss. Dehydration.
Cause of death in cholera patients.
455
Mechanism of action of beta lactamase
Breaks open beta lactam rings
456
NSAs effective against G- bacteria
Polymixins
457
Chryseomonas and Flavimonas are MAC _____ and Oxidase \_\_\_\_\_.
Positive
Negative
458
What are some examples of environmentally mediated resistance
pH
Anaerobic atmosphere
Cation concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++
Thymine-Thymidine content
459
VISA and VRSA are examples of \_\_\_\_\_.
VISA and VRSA are subpopulations of _____ with resistance to \_\_\_\_\_.
Heteroresistance
MRSA
Vancomycin
460
Environmentally, Burkholderia cepacia is found in \_\_\_\_\_.
Soil, Water, Plants
461
Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Nitrofurantoin
Inhibitors of other metabolic processes.
462
Beta-lactamase will not affect this particular drug
Vancomycin
463
Changes from blue-green to yellow
Bromthymol blue with shifts in pH
464
Hugh Leifson OF media features decreased \_\_\_\_\_.
Peptone concentration
465
Large, round, raised and opaque colonies
Aeromonas
466
Campylobacter specimens
Stool and blood
467
What is the causative agent of cholera (species and two serotypes)?
Vibrio cholerae serotypes O1 and O139
468
Vaccines for cholera \_\_\_\_\_.
ONLY exist outside the US
469
How do polymyxins work against GNB?
Polymyxins work like a detergent and open up cell membranes of GNB.
470
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion is a type of \_\_\_\_\_.
Susceptibility testing
471
Streaking of Kirby-Bauer samples should be done using a _____ pattern.
Zig-zag
472
Eikenella and Kingella both show _____ on agar.
Pitting
473
Kingella dentrificans can grow on _____ media, thus this organism can be found on selective media for \_\_\_\_\_.
Thayer Martin
N. gonorrhoeae
474
Rapid-onset, transient, acute gastritis can be triggered by \_\_\_\_\_.
(4)
Alcohol, Smoking, NSAIDs, Chemo
475
What are aminoglycosides effective against and NOT effective against?
Variety of G+ and G- bacteria
Anaerobes
476
**Actinobacillus, Aggregatibacter, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga**
These _____ fermenters are all MAC _____ / OX \_\_\_\_\_
Glucose Negative/Positive
477
Anaerobic conditions decrease \_\_\_\_\_.
aminoglycoside activity
478
Sensitivity testing helps patients in the near future by \_\_\_\_\_.
Building an **antibiogram** to guide physicians in selecting therapy for future patients so as to improve patient outcomes.
479
pH
Anaerobic atmosphere
Cation concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++
Thymine-Thymidine content
Examples of environmentally mediated resistance
480
How would a pH decrease affect antimicrobials?
Would decrease erythromycin and aminoglycoside activity
481
Kirby-Bauer plates should have a constant agar depth of \_\_\_\_\_.
4 mm
482
Fluoroquinolones are derivatives of \_\_\_\_\_.
Naladixic Acid
483
Virulence factor involved in attachment to cells
Pili
484
4 mm
Ideal depth of Kirby-Bauer Mueller-Hinton agar
485
pH decrease _____ erythromycin activity
pH decrease _____ aminoglycoside activity
pH increase _____ tetracycline activity
Decreases (for all three)
486
Pseudomonas has a net _____ charge.
negative
487
Fastidious pleomorphic GNB from the oropharynx of rodents.
Streptobacillus monoliformis
488
\_\_\_\_\_ to antimicrobials can be considered a virulence factor.
Intrinsic resistance.
489
Vibrio vulnificans symptoms
Diarrhea AND vomiting
490
Pigment that helps microbes better survive oxidative stress Promotes survival in the lungs
Pyomelanin
491
This organism has affinity for bone and heart tissue
Kingella
