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A&Pll > exam4-chpt27 > Flashcards

exam4-chpt27 Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

a) 10%
b) 50%
c) 1/3
d) 2/3
e) 99%

A

d

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2
Q

80% of the extracellular fluid is

a) Plasma
b) Cytosol
c) Interstitial fluid
d) Lymph
e) Bile

A

c

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3
Q

Which of the following makes up the largest single component of the human body?

a) Skin
b) Water
c) Blood
d) Organs
e) Electrolytes

A

b

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4
Q

Which of the following is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during cellular respiration?

a) Anions
b) Cations
c) Metabolic water
d) Lipids
e) Carbohydrates

A

c

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5
Q

Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain?

a) Dehydration
b) Evaporation
c) Precipitation
d) Insensible loss
e) None of these choices

A

a

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6
Q

The response of the body to decreasing blood pressure will NOT include which of the following?

a) Dehydration
b) Formation of angiotensin II
c) Stimulate the kidneys to secrete rennin
d) Formation of ADH
e) Increased vasoconstriction

A

a

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7
Q

Which of the following is the main factor that determines water loss?

a) Defecation
b) Sweating
c) Urination
d) Evaporation through the skin
e) Exhalation of water vapor

A

c

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8
Q

Which of the following is used to promote Na+ reabsorption by the kidneys?

a) Antidiuretic hormone
b) ANP
c) Aldosterone
d) Parathyroid hormone
e) All of these choices

A

c

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9
Q

9) Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?

a) Antidiuretic hormone
b) ANP
c) Aldosterone
d) Parathyroid hormone
e) All of these choices

A

a

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10
Q

) Natriuresis

a) Is decreased Na+ levels in urine
b) Is decreased Cl- levels in urine
c) Is increased K+ levels in urine
d) Is increased PO- levels in urine
e) None of these choices

A

e

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11
Q

A decline in angiotensin II levels does NOT result in

a) Increased GFR
b) Reduced Na+ and Cl- reabsorption by the kidneys
c) Reduced water reabsorption by the kidneys
d) Increased Calcium reabsorption
e) Increased urine output

A

d

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12
Q

The major hormone that regulates water loss is

a) ANP
b) Angiotensin II
c) Renin
d) ADH
e) Angiotensin

A

d

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13
Q

Water intoxication results from

a) Dilute body fluids
b) Decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
c) Osmosis of water from ICF to ECF
d) Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
e) Decrease in water intake

A

d

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14
Q

14) Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

a) Controlling osmosis between compartments
b) Maintaining acid-base balance
c) Carry electrical currents
d) Serve as cofactors
e) All of these choices

A

e

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15
Q

in extracellular fluid the most abundant cation is

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3-

A

a

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16
Q

In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is:

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3-

A

b

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17
Q

In intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is:

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3-

A

c

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18
Q

) In intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is

a) Na+
b) Cl-
c) K+
d) HPO42-
e) HCO3-

A

d

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19
Q

The Na+ level in blood is controlled by

a) Aldosterone
b) Insulin
c) ATP production
d) Krebs cycle
e) Glucagon

A

a

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20
Q

) Which of the following occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide increases or decreases?

a) Chloride shift
b) Potassium shift
c) Sodium shift
d) Bicarbonate shift
e) Protein shift

A

a

21
Q

Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body?

a) Na+
b) Calcium
c) Magnesium
d) Phosphate
e) Iron

A

b

22
Q

PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are

a) The main regulators of magnesium in the blood
b) The main regulators of phosphate in the blood
c) The main regulators of calcium in the blood
d) The main regulators of NaCl in the blood
e) None of these choices

A

c

23
Q

Most of the phosphate in the body is present as

a) Lipids
b) Plasma membranes
c) DNA
d) Calcium phosphate salt
e) Carbohydrates

A

d

24
Q

Buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide and excretion by the kidneys, are all

a) Ways to balance interstitial fluid
b) Means of balancing blood volume
c) Ways of controlling H+ levels in the body
d) Ways to make ions
e) Ways to increase blood volume

A

c

25
Q

Metabolic reactions can produce

a) H+
b) HCO3-
c) Nonvolatile acids
d) Volatile bases
e) Ca+

A

c

26
Q

Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35?

a) Isodosis
b) Acidosis
c) Alkalosis
d) Alkalemia
e) None of these choices

A

b

27
Q

) In partial compensation

a) pH is brought into the normal range
b) systemic arterial blood is still lower than 7.35
c) systemic arterial blood is higher than 9.5
d) pH is greater than 5.5
e) pH is lower than 2.5

A

b

28
Q

Inadequate exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause

a) Blood pH to drop
b) Alkalosis
c) Respiratory compensation
d) Unequal distribution of water
e) Metabolic alkalosis

A

a

29
Q

Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- levels drop significantly (below 22 mEq/liter)?

a) Metabolic alkalosis
b) Metabolic acidosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis
e) None of these choices

A

b

30
Q

) Which imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to abnormal values?

a) Metabolic alkalosis
b) Metabolic acidosis
c) Respiratory acidosis
d) Respiratory alkalosis
e) None of these choices

A

c

31
Q

Which of the following is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?

a) Hemorrhage
b) Vomiting
c) Pneumothorax
d) Diabetes
e) Cancer

A

b

32
Q

The rate of fluid intake and outflow is how much higher in an infant than in an adult?

a) 2 times higher
b) 5 times higher
c) 7 times higher
d) 10 times higher
e) They are equal

A

c

33
Q

The breathing rate of an infant

a) Is twice as fast as an adult
b) Causes greater water loss from the lungs
c) Removes less carbon dioxide than in an adult
d) Makes the infant blood more acidic
e) Is normal to an adult

A

b

34
Q

Describe the negative feedback loop that stimulates thirst as a result of dehydration.

A

Dehydration causes 1) decreased flow of saliva, which dries the mouth and pharynx,
2) increased blood osmotic pressure, which stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, and 3) decreased blood volume, which lowers blood pressure, increasing release of renin from JG cells, increasing levels of angiotensin II. All of these stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus, which increases fluid intake via thirst, thus increasing body water.

35
Q

Normal blood Na+ levels are 136-148 mEq/L. An elderly patient has a blood Na+ of 105 mEq/L. Describe the patient’s condition and the signs and symptoms that usually accompany that condition. Be sure to include the functions of Na+ in the body in your answer.

A

Solution: The patient has hyponatremia, or low Na+ concentration in the blood. The body uses Na+ in the depolarization phase of action potentials and in maintaining osmotic balance. Sometimes elderly people lose the ability to concentrate urine and lose too much Na+. Other causes of hyponatremia include inadequate dietary intake or gastrointestinal upsets such as diarrhea and vomiting. Typical signs and symptoms of hyponatremia include muscular weakness, dizziness, headache, tachycardia, hypotension, confusion, stupor and coma.

36
Q

What part of the brain contains the thirst center?

a) Thalamus
b) Hypothalamus
c) Midbrain
d) Brain stem
e) Cerebrum

A

b

37
Q

Most buffer systems in the body consist of

a) A weak acid
b) A weak base
c) A weak acid and the salt of that acid
d) A weak base and the salt of that base
e) None of these are correct

A

c

38
Q

Which protein is the main protein buffer in blood plasma?

a) Albumin
b) Hemoglobin
c) Complement
d) Fibrin
e) Calmodulin

A

a

39
Q

Which of the following chemicals is considered to be a volatile acid?

a) CO2
b) O2
c) H2CO3
d) Hemoglobin
e) Calcitriol

A

c

40
Q

Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids?

a) Glomerular podocytes
b) Principal cells
c) PCT cells
d) DCT cells
e) Intercalated cells

A

e

41
Q

Which of the following is the most plentiful buffer in the tubular fluid of the kidney collecting duct?

a) Bicarbonate ion
b) Monohydrogen phosphate ion
c) Ammonium ion
d) Dihydrogen phosphate ion
e) None of these

A

b

42
Q

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids?

a) Buffer systems
b) Proteins
c) Phosphates
d) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate
e) All of these correct

A

e

43
Q

Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

a) Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction
b) Loss of acid due to vomiting
c) Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease
d) Hypoventilation due to emphysema
e) All of these are correct

A

d

44
Q

Which condition may result in respiratory alkalosis?

a) emphysema
b) airway obstruction
c) use of certain diuretics
d) cerebrovascular accident
e) accumulation of acid

A

d

45
Q

Infants experience more problems with acid-base homeostasis and fluid and electrolyte balance based on which of the following:

a) Proportion and distribution of water
b) Metabolic rate
c) Body surface area
d) Breathing rate
e) All of these are factors

A

e

46
Q

Metabolic acidosis may develop following which situations? Select all that apply.

a) a severe gastrointestinal virus
b) diabetic ketoacidosis
c) renal dysfunction
d) emphysema
e) airway obstruction

A

A,b,c

47
Q

Metabolic alkalosis may develop following which situations? Select all that apply.

a) oxygen deficiency
b) a stomach virus
c) diarrhea
d) excessive intake of drugs with a pH above 7.0
e) hypoventilation

A

b,d

48
Q

Water loss may be reduced by which situations? Select all that apply.

a) secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
b) secretion of aldosterone
c) secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
d) stimulation of the hypothalamic thirst center
e) use of diuretic medication

A

b,c,d

A&Pll (5 decks)

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