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A&Pll > exam2:heart > Flashcards

exam2:heart Flashcards

1
Q 
Erythropoietin is synthesized by cells in the:
A)red bone marrow.
B)yellow bone marrow.
C)erythrocytes.
D)spleen.
E)kidneys.
A

E)kidneys.

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2
Q

T or F.
from the figure in your text, Endothelial cells display selectin proteins and Neutrophils display integrin proteins to aid in the movement though the blood vessel and into the interstitial fluid for emigration.

A

true

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3
Q

In a heart that has lost effective contractile force, you would expect to see normal superior and inferior vena cava.
True
False

A

false

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4
Q 
The myocardium is made of:
A)smooth muscle.
B)cardiac muscle.
C)skeletal muscle.
D)endothelium.
E)dense connective tissue.
A

cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Stimulation of the heart by the vagus nerve causes:
A)increased heart rate and increased ventricular contractility.
B)decreased heart rate and decreased ventricular contractility.
C)increased heart rate and no change in ventricular contractility.
D)decreased heart rate and no change in ventricular contractility.
E)decreased heart rate and increased ventricular contractility.

A

???

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6
Q

T or F

The absence of life is the absence of a pulse, which is the absence of electrical activity regulated by the cardiovascular center in the Medulla to regulate the SA node of the right atria.

A

t

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7
Q 
T or F 
Plasma proteins (albumin, anti-bodies) are responsible for exerting colloid osmotic pressure to help maintain water balance between blood and tissues to regulate blood volume.
A

t

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8
Q

Cardiac muscle cells have less sarcoplasmic reticulum than skeletal muscle cells. The effect of this is that cardiac muscle cells:
A)do not depolarize as quickly.
B)can function as a single unit.
C)generate less ATP.
D)have a smaller intracellular reserve of calcium ions.
E)are autorhythmic cells.

A

D

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9
Q

Inflamed tissues attract phagocytes by a phenomenon called:

A

all

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10
Q

T or F

The composition of blood is broken into three parts: 25%plasma,20%Buffy-coat, 55%RBC.

A

False

composed of 55% plasma and 45% RBC

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11
Q

The most abundant of the plasma proteins are the:

A

Albumins

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12
Q 
a breakdown product of heme in the liver and gastrointestinal track is/are: 
A)biliverdin
B)bilirubin
C)urobilin
D)stercobilin
E)all of the above
A

E)all of the above
biliverdin & bilirubin: break down of heme
urobilin: heme circulates to live, travels to small intestine which coverts to urobiliogen = urobilin
stercobilin: end product of heme catabolism results in feces

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13
Q

which of the following list the elements of the hearts conduction system in the correct order?

A 
SAnode, 
AV node, 
AV bundle, 
bundle branches, 
conduction myofibers
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14
Q

Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles?

A

T wave

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15
Q

Which of the following antibodies would you find in the plasma of a person with type O blood?

A

ANTI A + ANTI B

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16
Q

Thrombopoietin or TPO is a hormone produced to stimulate the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes.

A

TRUE

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17
Q

An increase in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood leads to a change in the chemical composition of the blood. This input would be received by which part of the brain that regulates heart rate?

A

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

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18
Q

Which of the following blood cells phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and is effective against parasitic worms?

A

EOSINOPHIL

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19
Q

Which of the following chambers of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

A

R atrium + R ventricle

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20
Q

The second heart sound (dubb closely follows which of the events listed below?

A

SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSING

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21
Q

Abnormal conditions such as atherosclerosis and patent (opeductus arteriosus) cause a large increase in the

A

PULSE PRESSURE

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22
Q

Which of the following types of muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell?

A

CARDIAC MUSCLES

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23
Q

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation of

A

PROTHROMBINASE

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24
Q

Which of the following situations could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?

A

Mom is Rh- and fetus is Rh+

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25
Q

The action potential in a ventricular contraction has a depolarization due to Ca2+ inflow when voltage-gated fast Ca2+ channels open, a plateau due to Na+ inflow when voltage gated slow Na+ channel open and some K+ channels close, Repolarization due to K+ outflow when voltage gated K+ channels open

A

True

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26
Q

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the

A

Cardiac Output

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27
Q

Direct pressure from the outside of the neck onto the carotid sinuses should stimulate the carotid sinus reflex and slow the heart rate and lower blood pressure.

A

True

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28
Q

The volume of blood that circulates through the systemic (or pulmonary blood vessels) per minute is called

A

Cardiac output

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29
Q

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in systemic vascular resistance?

A

Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route

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30
Q

Plasma proteins (albumin, antibodies and others) are responsible for exerting colloid osmotic pressure to help maintain water balance between blood and tissues to regulate blood volume.

A

True

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31
Q

A cord-blood transplant involves obtaining the stem cells to transplant into the diseased patient from

A

Umbilical cord of a done shortly after birth

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32
Q

Which of the following blood types is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum?

A

AB Negative

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33
Q

Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly

A

into Ventricles

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34
Q

Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium?

A

Coronary Artery

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35
Q

Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?

A

Vascular spasm → platelet plug → formation → clotting

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36
Q

Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume?

A

increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility

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37
Q

During which of the following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries?

A

Ventricular systole

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38
Q

The formula for calculating cardiac output

A

HR x SV

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39
Q

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?

A

Vagus nerve

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40
Q

Which of the following precursor cells eventually gives rise to the platelets?

A

megakaryoblast

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41
Q

Massaging the neck over the carotid sinus might lead to a reduction in blood pressure due to nerve impulses traveling through the glossopharyngeal (nerves arriving at the medulla oblongata.)

A

True

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42
Q

The outermost pericardium, also called the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, is the thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall

A

Epicardium ???

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43
Q

Which of the following blood cells are the main soldiers in the specific immune system defense of the body against microbial invaders?

A

lymphocyte

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44
Q

A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B or folic acid causes production of large abnormal (mega) red blood cells is called

A

Anemia

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45
Q

Prior to physical activity, the heart rate may climb. This anticipatory increase is caused by nerve impulses traveling to the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata that originate in the

A

Limbic system

46
Q

The cardiovascular center is located

A

Medulla Oblongata

47
Q

Which structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at a constant rate of about 100 beats per minute?

A

SA Node

48
Q

The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

49
Q

Which of the following is the most important functional method of capillary exchange?

A

Diffusion

50
Q

Which of the following types of tissues contains continuous capillaries?

A

All the above (skeltal, muscle, smooth, Ct, lungs)

51
Q

Cardiac output is dependent on both

A

HR + SV

52
Q

Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils?

A

Heparin

53
Q

Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provides a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?

A

Cardiac conduction system

54
Q

Which of the following formed elements found in the blood are derived from reticulocytes?

A

Erythrocytes

55
Q

Which of the following chemical substances is NOT commonly released by mast cells?

A

Nitric oxide

56
Q

Athletes tend to have higher cardiac reserves because

A

their hearts operate more efficiently due to training

57
Q

Which of the following opposes the action of thromboxane A by inhibiting platelet adhesion and release?

A

Prostacyclin

58
Q

Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation (

59
Q

Contraction of the right ventricle of the heart leads to blood moving directly

A

Into arteries

60
Q

Which of the following chambers of the heart is surrounded by the thickest layer of myocardium?

A

L ventricle

61
Q

The innermost epicardium is a thin layer of endothelium overlying a thin layer of connective tissue that provides a rough lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves of the heart.

A

F
The innermost layer of epicardium is called Endocardium. It overlies muscular layer of heart called myocardium. It is endothelial layer but NOT rough. It is smooth and covers chamber and valves of the heart to facilitate easy flow of blood through the heart. Therefore, the given statement is false.

62
Q

The pressure-driven (BHP) movement of fluids and solutes from blood toward interstitial fluid is called

A

filtration

63
Q

Which of the following blood cells releases granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions?

A

Basophil

64
Q

The composition of blood is broken into three parts: 25% plasma, 20% buffy-coat and 55% Red blood cells.

A

False

65
Q

Nutrients from digested food enter the liver via the

A

Nutrient-rich blood flows into the liver from the intestines through the hepatic portal vein.

66
Q

In addition to cardiac muscle tissue, the heart wall also contains dense connective tissue that form the fibrous skeleton of the heart which acts as an electrical insulator.

A

T

67
Q

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?

A

Systole

68
Q

Serum is

A

Plasma w/o the clotting factors

69
Q

Nerve impulses form the somatic nervous system and blood-borne hormones modify the timing and strength of each heartbeat, but they do not establish the fundamental rhythm.

A

F
nerve impulses from ANS and blood borne hormones modify the timing and strength of each heartbeat but they do not establish the fundamental rhythm - fires 90-100 times per minute

70
Q

The branches from the ascending aorta that supply blood to the cardiac muscle are the

A

Coronary arteries

71
Q

Towards the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a

A

Reticulocyte

72
Q

The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called

A

emigration

73
Q

The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called

A

ollateral circulation

74
Q

Which of the following blood components is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?

A

platelet

75
Q

Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of megakaryoblasts?

A

THROMBOPOIETIN

76
Q

The presence of increased levels of testosterone is responsible for the increased number of red blood cells; this mechanism is in addition to hypoxia induced RBC formation.

A

True

77
Q

Which of the following would NOT occur in response to hypovolemic shock?

A

Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

78
Q

Vascular resistance depends on which of these factors? Select all that apply.

A

a) size of the blood vessel lumen
b) blood viscosity
c) total blood vessel length

79
Q

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

A

Pulm valve - semilunar

80
Q

The circulatory system aids in the homeostasis of the skeletal system by

A

delivering calcium
b) delivering phosphate
c) transporting hormones for bone metabolism
d) transporting hormones for production of red blood cells
e) all of the above
(Answr is E)

81
Q

Positive inotropic agents often promote inflow to the cytosol of which cation to increase contractility of the heart?

A

calcium

82
Q

Which of the following formed elements in blood is removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?

A

Thrombocytes

83
Q

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?

A

Increased arteriolar vasodilation

84
Q

Which of the following cells is NOT an agranular leukocyte?

A

Basophil, maybe others

85
Q

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

A

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

86
Q

Which of the following precursor cells eventually gives rise to neutrophils?

A

Myeloblast

87
Q

Which of the following structures is used to control the flow of blood through a capillary bed?

A

precapillary sphincters

88
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by

A

Gap junction

89
Q

Which of the following is NOT a contribution of the cardiovascular system to other body systems?

A

Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.

90
Q

Parasympathetic impulses reach the heart via the cardiac accelerator nerve to increase heart rate and contractility.

A

False

91
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation affect heart rate?

A

Parasympathetic Stimulation Slows the Heart Rate by Decreasing the Slope of the Pacemaker Potential. Parasympathetic nerves to the heart originate from the vagal motor nuclei in the brainstem and travel over the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) to the heart.

92
Q

The right common carotid artery branches directly off the

A

brachiocephalic trunk

93
Q

mechanism that regulates the production of Blood

A

erythropoiesis) takes place in the bone marrow under the control of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO).

94
Q

Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure?

A

ANP atrial natriuretic peptide

95
Q

The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine to increase cardiac output by increasing the rate and force of heart contractions.

A

T

96
Q

Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cycle in which

A

all heart valves are closed.

the ventricles contract with no corresponding volume change

97
Q

The large intestine is the site where bacteria convert bilirubin to urobilinogen

A

F

within the ileum and colon,

98
Q

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?

A

Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium

99
Q

Which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG waves) represents atrial depolarization?

A

P wave associated with right and left atrial depolarization.

100
Q

Reduced vitamin B absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in a pernicious condition called

A

Pernicious anemia is defined as a type of vitamin B12 deficiency that results from impaired uptake of vitamin B-12 due to the lack of a substance known as intrinsic factor (IF) produced by the stomach lining.

101
Q

Which of the following blood cells is the obvious phagocyte?

A

neutrophilic leukocytes (microphages) and monocytes (macrophages), are phagocytic

102
Q

The buffy coat of centrifuged (separated by force similar to gravity) blood consists mainly of

A

white blood cells and platelets

103
Q

Production of enzymes such as histaminase that limit the effects inflammation is an important function of this cell type

A

??

104
Q

Inflamed tissues attract phagocytes by a phenomenon called

A

??

105
Q

With each heartbeat, the heart pumps blood into two closed circuits â the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation. This circuitry allows the output of one system to become the input of the other system.

A

F??

106
Q

the myocardial infarction was generated by the decrease in the oxygenated blood from the coronary circulatory system.

A

T??

107
Q

Renin is released from the kidney to correct blood volume level decrease or blood flow and therefore, pressure reduction to the kidney. This is part of the RAA pathway and is what was lost in the example from How We Die, as the normally continuous vasculature was interrupted.

A

T???

108
Q

The hypothalamus (NS cells) produces Atrial naturiuetic peptide (ANP) to respond to dehydration or decreased blood volume by increasing vasoconstriction

A

F

109
Q

What blood type is a person if their plasma contains ONLY anti-A antibodies?

A

Blood type B

110
Q 
Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?
		Increased norepinephrine release
		Increased thyroid hormone release
		Increased potassium levels in plasma
		Increased calcium levels in plasma
		Increased sympathetic stimulation
A

??

A&Pll (5 decks)

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