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EXAM3 SENSES Flashcards

1
Q

The finger-like projections extending from the neurons cell body that are most frequently the site of stimulation and formation of graded potentials are called _____

A

Dendrites

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2
Q

An ____ axon with a ____ diameter carries electrical impulses the fastest

A

Myelinated; large

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3
Q

What is a sense?

A

When a stimulus activated its specific sensory receptor

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4
Q

How is a stimulus perceived?

A

Depends upon which portions of the brain the signals is being relayed to. The signals finals destination often depends upon multiple sensory signals being sent to the brain.

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5
Q

What is adaption?

A

When the brain or sensory neuron begins to ignore a stimulus that is constantly being activated

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6
Q

What are tonic receptors?

A

Fast adapting type of sensory receptors. They sense a stimuli and then shutdown very quickly.

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7
Q

What is phasic receptor?

A

Slowing adapting receptors. They will usually send a signal as long as they sense the stimuli.

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8
Q

Which adaption receptor is usually good?

A

Phasic receptors are good, helping make certain that a persisting issue is remedied such as thirst and pain

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9
Q

What do sensory receptors perform?

A

Transduction

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10
Q

What is transduction?

A

Process in which sensory receptors will create a grade potential in their associated neurons in response to their specific stimulus

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11
Q

What are the 3 categories receptor types can be placed into?

A
  • free nerve endings
  • encapsulated endings
  • special senses
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12
Q

What are free nerve endings?

A

Dendrites do not require help in order to sense

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13
Q

What are encapsulated endings?

A

Structure filled with liquid interlaced with dendrites

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14
Q

What are special senses?

A

Cells that are a part of a sensory organ

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15
Q

What types of sense are free nerve endings often involved in?

A

Somatic senses

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16
Q

What types of stimuli are senses by free nerve ending neurons?

A
  • Nociceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • tickle
  • inflammation
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17
Q

What type of senses are encapsulated endings usually involved in?

A

Somatic senses

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18
Q

What type of senses are encapsulated endings best at sensing?

A

Changes in pressure or vibration

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19
Q

Are special sensory cells simple or complex?

A

The receptors are often complex

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20
Q

How are receptors categorized?

A
  • distribution of receptors
  • location of receptors (origin of stimuli)
  • stimulus type
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21
Q

What are the consciously perceived general senses?

A
  • touch
  • pressure
  • stretch
  • heat
  • cold
  • pain
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22
Q

What are unconsciously perceived general senses?

A
  • blood pressure
  • blood composition
  • stretching of viscera
  • oxygen
  • pH
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23
Q

Examples of unencapsulated endings:

A
  • free nerve endings (pain, heat, cold)
  • tactile discs (light touch, pressure)
  • hair receptors (light touch, movement of hairs)
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24
Q

Examples of encapsulated nerve endings:

A
  • tactile corpuscles (light touch, texture)
  • end bulbs (similar to tactile corpuscles)
  • bulbous corpuscles (heavy continuous touch or pressure; joint movements)
  • lamellar corpuscle (deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration)
  • muscle spindles (muscle stretch (proprioception)
  • tendon organs (tension on tendon (proprioception)
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25
Which special sense does not rely on special cells?
Olfaction
26
What are the 5 special senses?
- olfaction - gustatory - sight - auditory - equilibrium
27
What are the 3 ways to classify a sensory receptor based on their location?
- exteroceptors: receptors that receive outside stimulus - interoceptors: receptors located inside, along organs - proprioceptors: where are you? Receptors, located in muscles, tendons and joints
28
What are exteroceptors?
Primarily sense stimuli coming from outside. Special senses of sight, smell, and hearing along with the general somatic senses associated with touch
29
What are interoceptors?
Monitor and maintain the homeostatic balance of your body as well as check for stretching, pressure, and damage to internal organs
30
Example of how roles changed based on position
Thermoreceptors sense temp on outside while Thermoreceptors in hypothalamus sense internal body temp
31
What do free nerve endings sense?
- itch - tickle - touch - thermos - pain
32
What do root hair plexus sense?
When hair is moved
33
What does corpuscle of touch (Meissen touch) sense?
Onset of touch and low vibrations
34
What do lamellated corpuscles sense?
High frequency
35
What do type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Merkel cells) sense?
Continuous pressure and touch
36
What do type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors sense (ruffing corpuscle) sense?
Stretch and stronger pressure based on its location
37
Extrinsic eye muscles:
- medial rectus: rotates eye medially - lateral rectus: rotates the eye laterally - superior rectus: turns the eye up superiorly - inferior rectus: turns the eye inferiorly
38
Two outliers of the eye:
- Superior oblique: turns the eye inferiorly and laterally | - Inferior oblique: turns the eye superiorly and laterally
39
What is the clear portion of the fibrous tunic? It encapsulated the anterior cavity.
Cornea
40
What part of the eye is the “whites” of the eyes?
Sclera
41
What is the colorful doughnut shaped disc that dilates or constricts depending on how bright or dim the light is?
Iris
42
What part of the eye is the black hole that allows light into the posterior chamber of the eye?
Pupil
43
What part of the eye is part of the ciliary body, produces the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber?
Ciliary processes
44
What part of the eye is part of the ciliary body, and attached to the lens via zonular fibers? Responsible for reshaping the lens so as to bend light differently.
Ciliary muscles
45
What part of the eye contains melanin to help absorb any light that may have made it past the special cells that detect light? Also contains the vascular network.
Choroid
46
What part of the eye contains aqueous humor, borders the cornea, ciliary body and lens?
Anterior cavity
47
What portion of the eye has special sensory cells and their associated neurons?
Retina
48
What part of the eye contains vitreous humor? The inner lining of it is the retina.
Posterior cavity
49
The accessory structures of the eye include:
- eyebrows - eyelashes - lacrimal gland
50
What is the order of the layers of the eye from white outer layer to the inner layer?
- fibrous tunic - vascular tunic - retina
51
What do the rods of the eyes sense?
Hues of gray
52
What do the cones of the eyes sense?
Color
53
What is myopia?
Nearsighted is the result of the lens or cornea being a little to bulgy (conclaves)
54
How to fix myopia (nearsighted)?
Put a lens that has a shape of an hourglass (concave) to adapt for the extra bulge
55
What is hyperopia?
Farsighted is the lens or cornea not bulging enough
56
How to fix hyperopia (farsighted)?
Put a lens that bulges (convex) just enough to bend the light a little more
57
How many rods can be linked to a single bipolar neuron?
Several rods
58
How many cones can be linked to a single bipolar neuron?
Only one
59
What is the good thing about having several rod cells attached to a single neuron?
Makes it easy for an action potential to be generated. Making it easier to activate the neurons when light is low.
60
What is the downfall about having several rods to a single neuron?
Single bipolar neuron can’t discern which of these receptors stimulated it, making the image not so clear
61
What is good about having only one cone cell attached to a single bipolar neuron?
Helps provide precise detail about what is being seen
62
What is the downfall of only having one cone cell attached to a single bipolar neuron?
More light needs to be present in order for the neuron to generate an action potential
63
What are the 3 different cone types?
- short-wavelength cones sense blue - medium-wavelength cones sense green - long-wavelength cones sense a spectrum of yellow to red colors
64
What is the path of light through the eye and into the occipital lobe?
- cornea - lens - retina - optic nerve - optic chiasm - optic tract - thalamus - optic radiation - occipital lobe
65
What type of stem cells develop into olfactory cells?
Basal cells
66
What’s re the 4 forms of papillae?
- fungiform papilla: 5 taste buds each - vallate papilla: 100 to 300 taste buds - foliate papilla: lose most of these by adulthood. They’re embedded in the walls of its trenches - filiform papilla: have tactile receptors giving you the ability to sense texture
67
What are the 5 tastes?
- salt: senses metal ions with Na eliciting very strong salt flavor - sour: eating something acidic (H+ ions) - sweet: sense mono and disaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose - bitter: indicates opposite of sour (alkaline) but could also indicate poisons - umami: savory ( sense amino acids especially glutamate)
68
What tastes enter into cell?
- salty | - sour
69
What tastes interact with receptors on outside?
- sweet - bitter - umami
70
What cranial nerves carry gustatory sensations to the thalamus?
- facial nerve (innervates the taste buds in from 2/3 of the tongue) - glossopharyngeal nerve (innervates the back third of the tongue) - vagus nerve (innervates the gustatory receptors in the throat and on the epiglottis)
71
Which hemisphere is the primary gustatory area located?
Insula
72
What is responsible for sensing 100% of what we hear?
Inner hair cells
73
What are the structures of balance in the ear?
- utricle - cochlear duct - saccule - ampulla - head of snail
74
What are the structures of hearing in the ear?
- scalp vestibuli - basilar membrane - cochlear duct - scalp tympani - snail shell
75
What structures and liquids are part of the body labyrinth?
- scalp tympani - scalp vestibuli - perilymph
76
What structures and fluids are part of the membranous labyrinth?
- ampulla - saccule - utricle - endolymph - cochlear duct
77
How do proprioreceptors differ from the receptors of the special sense? Equilibrium in that…
Proprioceptors are located in the muscles, tendons and joints while the sensory receptors for equilibrium are located in the inner ear
78
What gelatinous membrane are the hair cells in the ampulla embedded in to sense rotation acceleration?
Crista Ampullaris
79
What membranes do the utricle and saccule have to sense linear acceleration?
Kinocilium

Bio252 (5 decks)

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