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EXAM2 NERVOUS SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • conduction
  • neural integration
  • locomotion
  • reflexes
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2
Q

What function does conduction serve in the spinal cord?

A

Nerve fibers conduct sensory and motor info up and down the spinal cord

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3
Q

What function does neural integration serve in the spinal cord?

A

Spinal neurons receive input from multiple sources, integrate it, and execute appropriate output (I.e. bladder control)

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4
Q

What function does locomotion serve in the spinal cord?

A

Spinal cord contains central pattern generators: groups of neurons that coordinate repetitive sequences of contractions for walking

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5
Q

What function does reflexes serve in the spinal cord?

A

Involuntary responses to stimuli that are vital to posture, coordination and protection

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6
Q

How many spinal nerves are there total?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves (mixed nerves)

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7
Q

How many of each spinal nerves are there?

A
  • 8 cervical (C1-C8)
  • 12 thoracic (T1-T12)
  • 5 lumbar (L1-L5)
  • 5 sacral (S1-S5)
  • 1 coccygeal (Co1)
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8
Q

What are sensory (afferent) nerves?

A

Carey signals from sensory receptors to the CNS

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9
Q

What are motor (efferent) nerves?

A

Carry signals from CNS to muscles and glands

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10
Q

What are mixed nerves?

A

Consists of both afferent and efferent fibers

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11
Q

What are the 5 nerve plexuses?

A
  • cervical plexus
  • brachial plexus
  • lumbar plexus
  • sacral plexus
  • coccygeal plexus
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12
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • in the neck
  • C1-C5
  • supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm
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13
Q

Brachial plexus

A
  • near the shoulder
  • L1-L4
  • supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genitalia
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14
Q

Sacral plexus

A
  • in the pelvis
  • L4, L5, S1, and S4
  • supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb
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15
Q

Coccygeal plexus

A

S4, S5, and Co1

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16
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of glands or muscle to stimulation

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17
Q

Reflexes require stimulation

A

Not spontaneous actions, but responses to sensory input

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18
Q

Reflexes are quick

A

Involve few, if any, interneurons and minimum synaptic delay

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19
Q

Reflexes are involuntary

A

Occur without intent and are difficult to suppress

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20
Q

Reflexes are stereotyped

A

Occur essentially the same way every time

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21
Q

Do reflexes include glandular secretion and contraction of all three types of muscle?

A

Yes, reflexes include glandular secretion and contraction of all three types of muscle

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22
Q

What are somatic reflexes?

A

Reflexes involving the somatic nervous system inner aging skeletal muscle

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23
Q

What is the pathway of a somatic reflex arc?

A
  • somatic receptors
  • afferent nerve fibers
  • integrating center
  • efferent nerve fibers
  • effectors
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24
Q

Where are the somatic receptors located?

A

In skin, muscles, or tendons

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25
In regards to the somatic reflex arc what is the use of the afferent nerve fibers?
Carry info from receptors to posterior horn of spinal cord or to the brainstem
26
In regards to the somatic reflex arc what is the use of the integrating center?
A point of synaptic contact between neurons in gray matter of cord or brainstem *It determines whether efferent neurons issue signal to muscles
27
In regards to the somatic reflex arc what is the use of the efferent nerve fibers?
Carry motor impulses to muscles
28
In regards to the somatic reflex arc what is the use of the effectors?
The muscles that carry out the response
29
What is the stretch reflex?
When a muscle is stretched, it “fights back” and contracts
30
What is the use of the stretch reflex?
- helps maintain equilibrium and posture * head starts to tip forward as you fall asleep * muscles contract to raise the head - stabilize joints by balancing tension in extensors and flexors, smoothing muscle actions
31
How is stretch reflex mediated?
Stretch reflex is mediated primarily by the brain, but it’s spinal component can be more pronounced if muscle is suddenly stretched by a tendon tap (knee jerk)
32
What is a tendon reflex?
In response to excessive tension on the tendon
33
What does the tendon reflex do?
- inhibits muscle from contracting strongly | - moderates muscle contraction before it tears a tendon or pulls it loose from the muscle or bone
34
What are tendon organs?
Proprioceptors in a tendon near its junction with a muscle
35
What is a flexor reflex?
The quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus
36
What does the flexor reflex do?
Triggers contraction of the flexors and relaxation of the extensors in that limb
37
What is the polysynaptic reflex arc?
Pathway in which signals travel over many synapses on their way to the muscle
38
What is the crossed extension reflex?
Contraction of extensor muscles in limb opposite of the one that is withdrawn
39
What does the crossed extension reflex do?
Maintains balance by extending other leg
40
What type of reflex arc does the flexor reflex use?
Ipsilateral reflex arc (stimulus and response on same side)
41
What type of reflex arc does the crossed extension reflex use?
Contralateral reflex arc (input and output are on opposite sides)
42
What is the intersegmental reflex?
One in which the input and output occur at different levels (segments) of the spinal cord
43
What is an example of intersegmental reflex?
Pain in foot causes contraction of abdominal muscles
44
What are ascending tracts?
Ascending tracts carry’s sensory signals up the spinal cord
45
What are the different ascending tracts?
- gracile fasciculus - cuneate fasciculus - spinothalamic tract - spinoreticular tract - posterior (dorsal) and anterior (central) spinocerebellar tract
46
What is the function of the gracile fasciculus?
Carries signals for vibration, visceral pain, deep and discriminative touch, and proprioception from lower limbs and lower trunk
47
Where does the gracile fasciculus terminate?
Terminates at gracile nucleus of medulla oblongata
48
What is the function of the cuneate fasciculus?
Contains first order neurons carrying the same type of sensory signals as the gracile fasciculus; its signals are from upper limb and chest
49
Where does the cuneate fasciculus terminate?
Fibers end in cuneate nucleus of ipsilateral medulla oblongata
50
What do the second order neurons of gracile and cuneate nuclei decussate and form?
Medial lemniscus- a tract leading to thalamus
51
Where do the third neurons of the cuneate fasciculus travel?
Third order neurons go from thalamus to cerebral cortex, carrying signals to cerebral hemisphere
52
What is the function of the spinothalmic tract?
Carries signals for pain, pressure, temp, light touch, tickle, and itch
53
What system is the spinothalamic tract part of?
Anterolateral system that passes up the anterior and lateral funiculi of the spinal cord
54
What is the spinothalmic tract made up of?
Axons of second-order neurons
55
What is the function of the spinocerebellar tract?
Carry proprioceptive signals from limbs and trunk up to the cerebellum
56
Where do sensory (ascending tract) signals travel across?
Sensory signals travel across three neurons from origin (receptors) to destinations in the sensory areas of the brain - first-order neuron - second-order neuron - third-order neuron
57
In the ascending tracts what are the first-order neurons?
Detect stimulus and transmit signal to spinal cord or brainstem
58
In the ascending tract what are the second-order neurons?
Continues to the thalamus at the upper end of the brainstem
59
In the ascending tract what are the third-order neurons?
Carries the signal the rest of the way to the sensory region of the cerebral cortex
60
What is the break down of the central nervous system?
- brain | - spinal cord
61
What is the break down of the peripheral nervous system?
``` Sensory division -visceral sensory division -somatic sensory division Motor division -visceral motor division -sympathetic division -parasympathetic division -somatic motor division ```
62
What is the autonomic nervous system?
A motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
63
What is the autonomic nervous system also called?
Visceral motor system
64
What are the primary organs of the autonomic nervous system?
- viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities - some structures of the body wall - cutaneous blood vessels - sweat glands - arrector muscles
65
Functions of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
- prepares body for physical activity: exercise, trauma, arousal, competition, anger, or fear “fight-or-flight” - increases heart rate, BP, airflow, blood glucose levels, etc; reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract
66
Function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
- calms many body functions reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance; “resting and digesting” state - digestion and waste elimination
67
What is acetylcholine (ACh) secreted by?
ACh is secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons
68
What are axons that secrete ACh called?
Cholinergic fibers
69
What are any receptors that bind to ACh called?
Cholinergic receptor
70
What is sulci?
Shallow grooves in the brain | *considered valleys
71
What is a fissure?
Grooves in the brain that are deep | *known as valleys
72
What is gyri?
The ridges of the brain | *known as hills on surface of the brain

Bio252 (5 decks)

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