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Biology 101 with Molumby > Exam3 > Flashcards

Exam3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heterostyly?

A

A genetic phenomena where two distinct phenotypes are maintained within a population and there are no intermediate phenotypes. The name comes from the fact that each mates with the “other style.”

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2
Q

What is the primary problem with creationism?

A

It isn’t falsifiable.

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3
Q

What are the mechanisms of evolution?

A
  1. ) Mutation
  2. ) Allele flow
  3. ) Selection
  4. ) Genetic drift
  5. ) Non-random mating
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4
Q

What is the fundamental argument of the origin of the species?

A
  1. ) All organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive
  2. ) All organisms vary
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5
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

The origin or extinction of a new taxonomic group

  • -Sometimes fast and sometimes slow
  • -It has two processes: speciation and extinction
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6
Q

What are the two processes of macroevolution?

A

Speciation and extinction

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7
Q

Who developed the modern theory of speciation?

A

Ernst Mayr

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8
Q

How do new species come to exist?

A

Reproductive isolation. Said another way, the blocking of allele flow.

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9
Q

What does sympatric mean?

A

species living in the same place

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10
Q

What would happen to closely related species if there were no isolation mechanisms?

A

Allele flow would commence and they would turn into one polymorphic species.

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11
Q

Without some isolation mechanism alleles would flow through sympatric species. What would happen?

A

Species would never have evolved because it would be impossible to create new species because alleles would be constantly flowing back and forth.

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12
Q

What are the two categories of isolation mechanism?

A

Prezygotic–prevents mating so that no gametes are formed. Postzygotic-prevents fertilazation after mating has occurred

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13
Q

What are the mechanism of postzygotic isolation?

A
  • -Habitat isolation
  • -Temporal isolation
  • -behavioral isolation
  • -mechanical isolation
  • -gametes dies
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14
Q

Name an example of habitat isolation?

A

Sympatric species of toad foot seldom meet because they prefer different soil types.

Some species of bird lice never meet because they mate of different hosts.

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15
Q

Name an example of temporal isolation?

A

The American toad and the Flower Toad mate in the lab, but mating doesn’t occur in the wild because they mate a different times of year.

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16
Q

Name an example of behavioral isolation?

A

Morphologically identical lacewings do not interbreed because their songs are different.

Gulls normally mate with their own species, but since they are highly visual animals, if, at birth, they imprint on a closely related gull species, they will mate with the related species.

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17
Q

How does one prove the existence of an isolation mechanism?

A

By artificially removing it to see who mates. If two species that don’t typically mate, mate after the barrier is removed, then you researched has confirmed the mechanism of isolation.

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18
Q

What is Hurt and Hendricks experiment?

A

They found that topminows from the amazon, which have been isolated for 2 million years will hybridize than not mate when not given the option to mate with their own species.

But hybrid fitness was lower, especially when these hybrids crossed with original species. This hybrid breakdown is a form of post zygotic isolation.

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19
Q

Are Hurt and Hendrick’s topminnows separate species?

A

It is subjective. If the populations mixed the process of reinforcement would probably complete the job and they would be conclusively separate species. So, probably, yes.

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20
Q

What is REINFORCEMENT?

A

It is a mechanism by which incipient separating species confirm their separation. Because of lower hybrid fitness, any trait that causes females not to male with the other species becomes common and the species finally separate. It doesn’t happen in males because a few unit offspring doesn’t have the same impact.

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21
Q

Name an example reinforcement?

A

Coyne and Orr documented two species of drosphila where the females have be selected by a reinforcement mechanism.

When the species are captured in a an area where they overlap, the two species do not mate with each other. Clearly a reinforcement mechanism has been selected for.

When the two species from an area where they have been unexposed each other are captured, they mate show that no reinforcement mechanism has been selected for.

22
Q

What is a host shift? Name an example?

A

Many parasites mate on hosts. When they choose a new host they become reproductively isolated.

Apple maggots are a famous example. When apple trees were introduced to the United States, Hawthorn maggots began feeding on them. Now apple maggots and hawthorn maggots are reproductively isolated.

23
Q

What is parapatry?

A

Speciation is not clear cut. Some populations interbreed, others do not. This is called PARAPATRY.

For example, the CA garter snake. Each population of garter snake is able to breed with the population closest to it but not with the populations further away.

24
Q

What is systematics?

A

The study of phylogeny

25
Q

The taxonomic hierarchy?

A 
Domain
Kingdom 
Phylum 
Class
Order 
Family 
Genus 
Species
26
Q

What is the problem with the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

Because it is subjective, it is constantly redefined and subphylum etc. are created. The phylogenetic tree is a more modern way to classfiy species.

27
Q

What is Cladogenesis?

A

The formation of new branches on the phylogenetic tree. Speciation is the mechanism for cladogenesis.

28
Q

How is the phylogenic tree developed?

A

Identifying homologies are the most reliable way of constructing a phylogenic tree.

Morphological, biochemical and behavorial and genetic features are identified.

DNA sequence

The fossil record

29
Q

What is synapomorphy?

A

A novel trait that a group has because it has been inherited from a common ancestor.

30
Q

What is homology?

A

A character state is homologous when two species inherit it from a common ancestor.

31
Q

What is homoplasy?

A

A character trait that is possessed by two species but does come from a common ancestor.

Another word for it is convergent evolution. It is very common because species have similar selective pressures.

When mistaken for homology, it can obscure the phylogenetic tree.

32
Q

What is the mean species life span of a bi-valve?

Of a mammal?

A

Bivalve 14 million years

Mammals 1.4 million years

33
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

It is the wave of speciation that occurs after dramatic habitat changes. Very often the extinction of another species. Or the development of a dramatic change changer such as flight.

Lineages are often temporarily free from the constraints of interspecific competition

An adaptive radiation for mammal occurred after the extinction of the dinosaurs.

34
Q

Describe the cretaceous-paleogene mass extinction?

A

Every non-avain dinosaur when extinct.
Happened over a few thousand years
50% of species on the planet were eliminated

Asteriod
Period of intense vulcanism may have dramatically change the climate and falling sea level seen as primary culprits

35
Q

What is the lady slipper orchid and example of?

A

What happens when habitats are eroded. Orchids typically coevolve highly mutualistic relationships and the loss of any relationship can lead to extinction.

Lady slipper orchids need a mutualistic fungus to germate and grow for the first few years Airborne nitrogen compounds fertilize vast areas and put this fungus at risk.

36
Q

The snake that ate Guam

A

another example of an invader species

37
Q

What do CFCs do to the ozone

A

They react with chlorine to make O2 and deplete the ozone layer.

38
Q

What is the neutral theory of molecular evolution?

A

Most selection is neutral an caused by genetic drift

39
Q

Important ideas about allele flow

A

It happens when species have multiple subpopulations.
There must be varying frequency of alleles between theses populations.

Migrates bring the allele flow.

It can oppose selection by bringing unfit alleles to boundary populations that have developed fit alleles for their surroundings.

A very small amount of it will negate genetic drift

40
Q

When are recessive alleles exposed to selection?

A

During inbreeding, otherwise they are hidden.

41
Q

What happens during inbreeding.

A

While high levels of in breeding leads to loss of heterozygotes, allelic frequency doesn’t change.

Can cause extinction

42
Q

Does natural selection act on phenotypes or genotypes?

A

Phenotypes

43
Q

Digger Wasps

A

They have two strategies

  1. ) dig a borrow
  2. ) take over an existing one

The second startegy is a good one if it is rare, but terrible when it is common.

Broackmann and Grafen observed wasps and found:
that the two strategies have equal fitness

44
Q

Alturism

A

it can evolve if helps pass on your alleles via kin selection

45
Q

Polistes Wasps

A

Females work together is related. don’t id not

46
Q

Blue headed wrasses

A

females become males

47
Q

Sage grouse

A

non resourced based polygamy

48
Q

stage beetle

A

example of male competition

49
Q

Example of runaway sexual selection

A

Irish els stalk eyed flies

50
Q

What is special about dance flies?

A

females compete for males with the largest prey meaning that in this situation male choice dominate s

51
Q

Drongo example

A

double invasion of Australia. Together during the last ice age. Since then separated. Now can co-exist because they are reproductively isolated.

Biology 101 with Molumby (6 decks)

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